// This file is a part of Julia. License is MIT: https://julialang.org/license

#include "gc-alloc-profiler.h"
#include "gc-common.h"
#include "gc-heap-snapshot.h"
#include "gc-page-profiler.h"
#include "gc-stock.h"
#include "julia.h"
#include "julia_assert.h"
#include "julia_atomics.h"
#include "julia_gcext.h"

#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
#endif

// System-wide heap statistics
gc_heapstatus_t gc_heap_stats = {0};

// Memory upper bound on 32-bit systems
const uint64_t max_mem_32bit_systems = 1536 * 1024 * 1024; // 1.5 GiB
// Julia's GC heuristics will try to keep the heap size below the `max_total_memory` soft limit,
// but they are allowed to exceed it, instead of aborting the process.
// This parameter can be changed via `jl_gc_set_max_memory()`.
#ifdef _P64
#define PETA_BYTE (1024ULL * 1024 * 1024 * 1024 * 1024)
static uint64_t max_total_memory = 2 * PETA_BYTE;
#else
static uint64_t max_total_memory = max_mem_32bit_systems;
#endif

#ifdef _P64
static const size_t default_collect_interval = 5600 * 1024 * sizeof(void*); // ~45 MiB
#else
static const size_t default_collect_interval = 3200 * 1024 * sizeof(void*); // ~12 MiB
#endif

// ID of first GC thread
int gc_first_tid;
// Number of GC threads that may run parallel marking
int jl_n_markthreads;
// Number of threads currently running the GC mark-loop
_Atomic(int) gc_n_threads_marking;
// ID of mutator thread that triggered GC
_Atomic(int) gc_initiator_tid;
// Mutex/cond used to synchronize wakeup of GC threads on parallel marking
uv_mutex_t gc_threads_lock;
uv_cond_t gc_threads_cond;
// Mutex used to coordinate entry of GC threads in the mark loop
uv_mutex_t gc_queue_observer_lock;

// Number of threads sweeping
_Atomic(int) gc_n_threads_sweeping_pools;
// Temporary for the `ptls->gc_tls.page_metadata_allocd` used during parallel sweeping (padded to avoid false sharing)
_Atomic(jl_gc_padded_page_stack_t *) gc_allocd_scratch;

// Number of GC threads that may run concurrent sweeping (0 or 1)
int jl_n_sweepthreads;
// To indicate whether concurrent sweeping should run
uv_sem_t gc_sweep_assists_needed;

// Number of threads sweeping stacks
_Atomic(int) gc_n_threads_sweeping_stacks;
// counter for sharing work when sweeping stacks
_Atomic(int) gc_ptls_sweep_idx;
// counter for round robin of giving back stack pages to the OS
_Atomic(int) gc_stack_free_idx;

// Tag for sentinel nodes in bigval list
uintptr_t gc_bigval_sentinel_tag;
// List of big objects in oldest generation (`GC_OLD_MARKED`).  Not per-thread.  Accessed only by master thread.
bigval_t *oldest_generation_of_bigvals = NULL;

// Table recording number of full GCs due to each reason
JL_DLLEXPORT uint64_t jl_full_sweep_reasons[FULL_SWEEP_NUM_REASONS];

// Flag that tells us whether we need to support conservative marking
// of objects.
static _Atomic(int) support_conservative_marking = 0;

/**
 * Note about GC synchronization:
 *
 * When entering `jl_gc_collect()`, `jl_gc_running` is atomically changed from
 * `0` to `1` to make sure that only one thread can be running `_jl_gc_collect`. Other
 * mutator threads that enters `jl_gc_collect()` at the same time (or later calling
 * from unmanaged code) will wait in `jl_gc_collect()` until the GC is finished.
 *
 * Before starting the mark phase the GC thread calls `jl_safepoint_start_gc()`
 * and `jl_gc_wait_for_the_world()`
 * to make sure all the threads are in a safe state for the GC. The function
 * activates the safepoint and wait for all the threads to get ready for the
 * GC (`gc_state != 0`). It also acquires the `finalizers` lock so that no
 * other thread will access them when the GC is running.
 *
 * During the mark and sweep phase of the GC, the mutator threads that are not running
 * the GC should either be running unmanaged code (or code section that does
 * not have a GC critical region mainly including storing to the stack or
 * another object) or paused at a safepoint and wait for the GC to finish.
 * If a thread want to switch from running unmanaged code to running managed
 * code, it has to perform a GC safepoint check after setting the `gc_state`
 * flag (see `jl_gc_state_save_and_set()`. it is possible that the thread might
 * have `gc_state == 0` in the middle of the GC transition back before entering
 * the safepoint. This is fine since the thread won't be executing any GC
 * critical region during that time).
 *
 * The finalizers are run after the GC finishes in normal mode (the `gc_state`
 * when `jl_gc_collect` is called) with `jl_in_finalizer = 1`. (TODO:) When we
 * have proper support of GC transition in codegen, we should execute the
 * finalizers in unmanaged (GC safe) mode.
 */

// explicitly scheduled objects for the sweepfunc callback
static void gc_sweep_foreign_objs_in_list(arraylist_t *objs) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    size_t p = 0;
    for (size_t i = 0; i < objs->len; i++) {
        jl_value_t *v = (jl_value_t*)(objs->items[i]);
        jl_datatype_t *t = (jl_datatype_t*)(jl_typeof(v));
        const jl_datatype_layout_t *layout = t->layout;
        jl_fielddescdyn_t *desc = (jl_fielddescdyn_t*)jl_dt_layout_fields(layout);

        int bits = jl_astaggedvalue(v)->bits.gc;
        if (!gc_marked(bits))
            desc->sweepfunc(v);
        else
            objs->items[p++] = v;
    }
    objs->len = p;
}

static void gc_sweep_foreign_objs(void) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    assert(gc_n_threads != 0);
    for (int i = 0; i < gc_n_threads; i++) {
        jl_ptls_t ptls2 = gc_all_tls_states[i];
        if (ptls2 != NULL)
            gc_sweep_foreign_objs_in_list(&ptls2->gc_tls.sweep_objs);
    }
}

// GC knobs and self-measurement variables
static int64_t last_gc_total_bytes = 0;

// heuristic stuff for https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3563323
// start with values that are in the target ranges to reduce transient hiccups at startup
static uint64_t old_pause_time = 1e7; // 10 ms
static uint64_t old_mut_time = 1e9; // 1 second
static uint64_t old_heap_size = 0;
static uint64_t old_alloc_diff = default_collect_interval;
static uint64_t old_freed_diff = default_collect_interval;
static uint64_t gc_end_time = 0;
static int thrash_counter = 0;
static int thrashing = 0;
// global variables for GC stats
static uint64_t freed_in_runtime = 0;

// Resetting the object to a young object, this is used when marking the
// finalizer list to collect them the next time because the object is very
// likely dead. This also won't break the GC invariance since these objects
// are not reachable from anywhere else.
static int mark_reset_age = 0;

/*
 * The state transition looks like :
 *
 * ([(quick)sweep] means either a sweep or a quicksweep)
 *
 * <-[(quick)sweep]-
 *                 |
 *     ---->  GC_OLD  <--[(quick)sweep]-------------------
 *     |     |                                           |
 *     |     |  GC_MARKED (in remset)                    |
 *     |     |     ^            |                        |
 *     |   [mark]  |          [mark]                     |
 *     |     |     |            |                        |
 *     |     |     |            |                        |
 *  [sweep]  | [write barrier]  |                        |
 *     |     v     |            v                        |
 *     ----- GC_OLD_MARKED <----                         |
 *              |               ^                        |
 *              |               |                        |
 *              --[quicksweep]---                        |
 *                                                       |
 *  ========= above this line objects are old =========  |
 *                                                       |
 *  ----[new]------> GC_CLEAN ------[mark]-----------> GC_MARKED
 *                    |
 *  <-[(quick)sweep]---
 *
 */

// A quick sweep is a sweep where `!sweep_full`
// It means we won't touch GC_OLD_MARKED objects (old gen).

// When a reachable object has survived more than PROMOTE_AGE+1 collections
// it is tagged with GC_OLD during sweep and will be promoted on next mark
// because at that point we can know easily if it references young objects.
// Marked old objects that reference young ones are kept in the remset.

// When a write barrier triggers, the offending marked object is both queued,
// so as not to trigger the barrier again, and put in the remset.

static int64_t scanned_bytes; // young bytes scanned while marking
static int64_t perm_scanned_bytes; // old bytes scanned while marking
static int64_t heap_size_after_last_full_gc = 0;
int prev_sweep_full = 1;
int current_sweep_full = 0;
int next_sweep_full = 0;
int under_pressure = 0;
int gc_disable_auto_full_sweep = 0; // when set, automatic full collections are inhibited

// Full collection heuristics
static int64_t live_bytes = 0;
static int64_t promoted_bytes = 0;
static int64_t last_live_bytes = 0; // live_bytes at last collection
#ifdef __GLIBC__
// maxrss at last malloc_trim
static int64_t last_trim_maxrss = 0;
#endif

static void gc_sync_cache(jl_ptls_t ptls, jl_gc_mark_cache_t *gc_cache) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    perm_scanned_bytes += gc_cache->perm_scanned_bytes;
    scanned_bytes += gc_cache->scanned_bytes;
    gc_cache->perm_scanned_bytes = 0;
    gc_cache->scanned_bytes = 0;
}

// No other threads can be running marking at the same time
static void gc_sync_all_caches(jl_ptls_t ptls) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    assert(gc_n_threads != 0);
    for (int t_i = 0; t_i < gc_n_threads; t_i++) {
        jl_ptls_t ptls2 = gc_all_tls_states[t_i];
        if (ptls2 != NULL)
            gc_sync_cache(ptls, &ptls2->gc_tls.gc_cache);
    }
}

// Atomically set the mark bit for object and return whether it was previously unmarked
FORCE_INLINE int gc_try_setmark_tag(jl_taggedvalue_t *o, uint8_t mark_mode) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    assert(gc_marked(mark_mode));
    uintptr_t tag = o->header;
    if (gc_marked(tag))
        return 0;
    if (mark_reset_age) {
        // Reset the object as if it was just allocated
        mark_mode = GC_MARKED;
        tag = gc_set_bits(tag, mark_mode);
    }
    else {
        if (gc_old(tag))
            mark_mode = GC_OLD_MARKED;
        tag = tag | mark_mode;
        assert((tag & 0x3) == mark_mode);
    }
    // XXX: note that marking not only sets the GC bits but also updates the
    // page metadata for pool allocated objects.
    // The second step is **not** idempotent, so we need a compare exchange here
    // (instead of a pair of load&store) to avoid marking an object twice
    tag = jl_atomic_exchange_relaxed((_Atomic(uintptr_t)*)&o->header, tag);
    verify_val(jl_valueof(o));
    return !gc_marked(tag);
}

// This function should be called exactly once during marking for each big
// object being marked to update the big objects metadata.
STATIC_INLINE void gc_setmark_big(jl_ptls_t ptls, jl_taggedvalue_t *o,
                                  uint8_t mark_mode) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    assert(!gc_alloc_map_is_set((char*)o));
    bigval_t *hdr = bigval_header(o);
    if (mark_mode == GC_OLD_MARKED) {
        ptls->gc_tls.gc_cache.perm_scanned_bytes += hdr->sz;
    }
    else {
        ptls->gc_tls.gc_cache.scanned_bytes += hdr->sz;
        if (mark_reset_age) {
            assert(jl_atomic_load(&gc_n_threads_marking) == 0); // `mark_reset_age` is only used during single-threaded marking
            // Reset the object as if it was just allocated
            gc_big_object_unlink(hdr);
            gc_big_object_link(ptls->gc_tls.heap.young_generation_of_bigvals, hdr);
        }
    }
}

// This function should be called exactly once during marking for each pool
// object being marked to update the page metadata.
STATIC_INLINE void gc_setmark_pool_(jl_ptls_t ptls, jl_taggedvalue_t *o,
                                    uint8_t mark_mode, jl_gc_pagemeta_t *page) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
#ifdef MEMDEBUG
    gc_setmark_big(ptls, o, mark_mode);
#else
    if (mark_mode == GC_OLD_MARKED) {
        ptls->gc_tls.gc_cache.perm_scanned_bytes += page->osize;
        static_assert(sizeof(_Atomic(uint16_t)) == sizeof(page->nold), "");
        jl_atomic_fetch_add_relaxed((_Atomic(uint16_t)*)&page->nold, 1);
    }
    else {
        ptls->gc_tls.gc_cache.scanned_bytes += page->osize;
        if (mark_reset_age) {
            page->has_young = 1;
        }
    }
    page->has_marked = 1;
#endif
}

STATIC_INLINE void gc_setmark_pool(jl_ptls_t ptls, jl_taggedvalue_t *o,
                                   uint8_t mark_mode) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    gc_setmark_pool_(ptls, o, mark_mode, page_metadata((char*)o));
}

STATIC_INLINE void gc_setmark(jl_ptls_t ptls, jl_taggedvalue_t *o,
                              uint8_t mark_mode, size_t sz) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    if (sz <= GC_MAX_SZCLASS) {
        gc_setmark_pool(ptls, o, mark_mode);
    }
    else {
        gc_setmark_big(ptls, o, mark_mode);
    }
}

STATIC_INLINE void gc_setmark_buf_(jl_ptls_t ptls, void *o, uint8_t mark_mode, size_t minsz) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    jl_taggedvalue_t *buf = jl_astaggedvalue(o);
    uint8_t bits = (gc_old(buf->header) && !mark_reset_age) ? GC_OLD_MARKED : GC_MARKED;;
    // If the object is larger than the max pool size it can't be a pool object.
    // This should be accurate most of the time but there might be corner cases
    // where the size estimate is a little off so we do a pool lookup to make
    // sure.
    if (__likely(gc_try_setmark_tag(buf, mark_mode)) && !gc_verifying) {
        if (minsz <= GC_MAX_SZCLASS) {
            jl_gc_pagemeta_t *meta = page_metadata(buf);
            if (meta != NULL) {
                gc_setmark_pool_(ptls, buf, bits, meta);
                return;
            }
        }
        gc_setmark_big(ptls, buf, bits);
    }
}

void gc_setmark_buf(jl_ptls_t ptls, void *o, uint8_t mark_mode, size_t minsz) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    gc_setmark_buf_(ptls, o, mark_mode, minsz);
}

STATIC_INLINE void maybe_collect(jl_ptls_t ptls)
{
    if (jl_atomic_load_relaxed(&gc_heap_stats.heap_size) >= jl_atomic_load_relaxed(&gc_heap_stats.heap_target) || jl_gc_debug_check_other()) {
        jl_gc_collect(JL_GC_AUTO);
    }
    else {
        jl_gc_safepoint_(ptls);
    }
}

// weak references

JL_DLLEXPORT jl_weakref_t *jl_gc_new_weakref_th(jl_ptls_t ptls, jl_value_t *value)
{
    jl_weakref_t *wr = (jl_weakref_t*)jl_gc_alloc(ptls, sizeof(void*),
                                                  jl_weakref_type);
    wr->value = value;  // NOTE: wb not needed here
    small_arraylist_push(&ptls->gc_tls_common.heap.weak_refs, wr);
    return wr;
}

static void clear_weak_refs(void) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    assert(gc_n_threads != 0);
    for (int i = 0; i < gc_n_threads; i++) {
        jl_ptls_t ptls2 = gc_all_tls_states[i];
        if (ptls2 != NULL) {
            size_t n, l = ptls2->gc_tls_common.heap.weak_refs.len;
            void **lst = ptls2->gc_tls_common.heap.weak_refs.items;
            for (n = 0; n < l; n++) {
                jl_weakref_t *wr = (jl_weakref_t*)lst[n];
                if (!gc_marked(jl_astaggedvalue(wr->value)->bits.gc))
                    wr->value = (jl_value_t*)jl_nothing;
            }
        }
    }
}

static void sweep_weak_refs(void) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    assert(gc_n_threads != 0);
    for (int i = 0; i < gc_n_threads; i++) {
        jl_ptls_t ptls2 = gc_all_tls_states[i];
        if (ptls2 == NULL) {
            continue;
        }
        size_t n = 0;
        size_t i = 0;
        size_t l = ptls2->gc_tls_common.heap.weak_refs.len;
        void **lst = ptls2->gc_tls_common.heap.weak_refs.items;
        // filter with preserving order
        for (i = 0; i < l; i++) {
            jl_weakref_t *wr = (jl_weakref_t*)lst[i];
            if (gc_marked(jl_astaggedvalue(wr)->bits.gc)) {
                lst[n] = wr;
                n++;
            }
        }
        ptls2->gc_tls_common.heap.weak_refs.len = n;
    }
}


STATIC_INLINE void jl_batch_accum_heap_size(jl_ptls_t ptls, uint64_t sz) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    uint64_t alloc_acc = jl_atomic_load_relaxed(&ptls->gc_tls_common.gc_num.alloc_acc) + sz;
    if (alloc_acc < 16*1024)
        jl_atomic_store_relaxed(&ptls->gc_tls_common.gc_num.alloc_acc, alloc_acc);
    else {
        jl_atomic_fetch_add_relaxed(&gc_heap_stats.heap_size, alloc_acc);
        jl_atomic_store_relaxed(&ptls->gc_tls_common.gc_num.alloc_acc, 0);
    }
}

STATIC_INLINE void jl_batch_accum_free_size(jl_ptls_t ptls, uint64_t sz) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    jl_atomic_store_relaxed(&ptls->gc_tls_common.gc_num.free_acc, jl_atomic_load_relaxed(&ptls->gc_tls_common.gc_num.free_acc) + sz);
}

// big value list

// Size includes the tag and the tag field is undefined on return (must be set before the next GC safepoint)
STATIC_INLINE jl_value_t *jl_gc_big_alloc_inner(jl_ptls_t ptls, size_t sz)
{
    maybe_collect(ptls);
    size_t offs = offsetof(bigval_t, header);
    assert(sz >= sizeof(jl_taggedvalue_t) && "sz must include tag");
    static_assert(offsetof(bigval_t, header) >= sizeof(void*), "Empty bigval header?");
    static_assert(sizeof(bigval_t) % JL_HEAP_ALIGNMENT == 0, "");
    size_t allocsz = LLT_ALIGN(sz + offs, JL_CACHE_BYTE_ALIGNMENT);
    if (allocsz < sz)  // overflow in adding offs, size was "negative"
        jl_throw(jl_memory_exception);
    bigval_t *v = (bigval_t*)malloc_cache_align(allocsz);
    if (v == NULL)
        jl_throw(jl_memory_exception);
    gc_invoke_callbacks(jl_gc_cb_notify_external_alloc_t,
        gc_cblist_notify_external_alloc, (v, allocsz));
    jl_atomic_store_relaxed(&ptls->gc_tls_common.gc_num.allocd,
        jl_atomic_load_relaxed(&ptls->gc_tls_common.gc_num.allocd) + allocsz);
    jl_atomic_store_relaxed(&ptls->gc_tls_common.gc_num.bigalloc,
        jl_atomic_load_relaxed(&ptls->gc_tls_common.gc_num.bigalloc) + 1);
    jl_batch_accum_heap_size(ptls, allocsz);
#ifdef MEMDEBUG
    memset(v, 0xee, allocsz);
#endif
    v->sz = allocsz;
#ifndef NDEBUG
    v->header = 0; // must be initialized (and not gc_bigval_sentinel_tag) or gc_big_object_link assertions will get confused
#endif
    gc_big_object_link(ptls->gc_tls.heap.young_generation_of_bigvals, v);
    return jl_valueof(&v->header);
}


// Instrumented version of jl_gc_big_alloc_inner, called into by LLVM-generated code.
JL_DLLEXPORT jl_value_t *jl_gc_big_alloc(jl_ptls_t ptls, size_t sz, jl_value_t *type)
{
    jl_value_t *val = jl_gc_big_alloc_inner(ptls, sz);
    maybe_record_alloc_to_profile(val, sz, (jl_datatype_t*)type);
    return val;
}

// This wrapper exists only to prevent `jl_gc_big_alloc_inner` from being inlined into
// its callers. We provide an external-facing interface for callers, and inline `jl_gc_big_alloc_inner`
// into this. (See https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/pull/43868 for more details.)
jl_value_t *jl_gc_big_alloc_noinline(jl_ptls_t ptls, size_t sz) {
    return jl_gc_big_alloc_inner(ptls, sz);
}

FORCE_INLINE void sweep_unlink_and_free(bigval_t *v) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    gc_big_object_unlink(v);
    gc_num.freed += v->sz;
    jl_atomic_store_relaxed(&gc_heap_stats.heap_size, jl_atomic_load_relaxed(&gc_heap_stats.heap_size) - v->sz);
#ifdef MEMDEBUG
    memset(v, 0xbb, v->sz);
#endif
    gc_invoke_callbacks(jl_gc_cb_notify_external_free_t, gc_cblist_notify_external_free, (v));
    jl_free_aligned(v);
}

static bigval_t *sweep_list_of_young_bigvals(bigval_t *young) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    bigval_t *last_node = young;
    bigval_t *v = young->next; // skip the sentinel
    bigval_t *old = oldest_generation_of_bigvals;
    int sweep_full = current_sweep_full; // don't load the global in the hot loop
    while (v != NULL) {
        bigval_t *nxt = v->next;
        int bits = v->bits.gc;
        int old_bits = bits;
        if (gc_marked(bits)) {
            if (sweep_full || bits == GC_MARKED) {
                bits = GC_OLD;
                last_node = v;
            }
            else { // `bits == GC_OLD_MARKED`
                assert(bits == GC_OLD_MARKED);
                // reached oldest generation, move from young list to old list
                gc_big_object_unlink(v);
                gc_big_object_link(old, v);
            }
            v->bits.gc = bits;
        }
        else {
            sweep_unlink_and_free(v);
        }
        gc_time_count_big(old_bits, bits);
        v = nxt;
    }
    return last_node;
}

static void sweep_list_of_oldest_bigvals(bigval_t *young) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    bigval_t *v = oldest_generation_of_bigvals->next; // skip the sentinel
    while (v != NULL) {
        bigval_t *nxt = v->next;
        assert(v->bits.gc == GC_OLD_MARKED);
        v->bits.gc = GC_OLD;
        gc_time_count_big(GC_OLD_MARKED, GC_OLD);
        v = nxt;
    }
}

static void sweep_big(jl_ptls_t ptls) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    gc_time_big_start();
    assert(gc_n_threads != 0);
    bigval_t *last_node_in_my_list = NULL;
    for (int i = 0; i < gc_n_threads; i++) {
        jl_ptls_t ptls2 = gc_all_tls_states[i];
        if (ptls2 == NULL) {
            continue;
        }
        bigval_t *last_node = sweep_list_of_young_bigvals(ptls2->gc_tls.heap.young_generation_of_bigvals);
        if (ptls == ptls2) {
            last_node_in_my_list = last_node;
        }
    }
    if (current_sweep_full) {
        sweep_list_of_oldest_bigvals(ptls->gc_tls.heap.young_generation_of_bigvals);
        // move all nodes in `oldest_generation_of_bigvals` to my list of bigvals
        assert(last_node_in_my_list != NULL);
        assert(last_node_in_my_list->next == NULL);
        last_node_in_my_list->next = oldest_generation_of_bigvals->next; // skip the sentinel
        if (oldest_generation_of_bigvals->next != NULL) {
            oldest_generation_of_bigvals->next->prev = last_node_in_my_list;
        }
        oldest_generation_of_bigvals->next = NULL;
    }
    gc_time_big_end();
}

void jl_gc_count_allocd(size_t sz) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    jl_ptls_t ptls = jl_current_task->ptls;
    jl_atomic_store_relaxed(&ptls->gc_tls_common.gc_num.allocd,
        jl_atomic_load_relaxed(&ptls->gc_tls_common.gc_num.allocd) + sz);
    jl_batch_accum_heap_size(ptls, sz);
}

// Only safe to update the heap inside the GC
static void combine_thread_gc_counts(jl_gc_num_t *dest, int update_heap) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    int gc_n_threads;
    jl_ptls_t* gc_all_tls_states;
    gc_n_threads = jl_atomic_load_acquire(&jl_n_threads);
    gc_all_tls_states = jl_atomic_load_relaxed(&jl_all_tls_states);
    for (int i = 0; i < gc_n_threads; i++) {
        jl_ptls_t ptls = gc_all_tls_states[i];
        if (ptls == NULL) {
            continue;
        }
        dest->allocd += (jl_atomic_load_relaxed(&ptls->gc_tls_common.gc_num.allocd) + gc_num.interval);
        dest->malloc += jl_atomic_load_relaxed(&ptls->gc_tls_common.gc_num.malloc);
        dest->realloc += jl_atomic_load_relaxed(&ptls->gc_tls_common.gc_num.realloc);
        dest->poolalloc += jl_atomic_load_relaxed(&ptls->gc_tls_common.gc_num.poolalloc);
        dest->bigalloc += jl_atomic_load_relaxed(&ptls->gc_tls_common.gc_num.bigalloc);
        dest->freed += jl_atomic_load_relaxed(&ptls->gc_tls_common.gc_num.free_acc);
        if (update_heap) {
            uint64_t alloc_acc = jl_atomic_load_relaxed(&ptls->gc_tls_common.gc_num.alloc_acc);
            freed_in_runtime += jl_atomic_load_relaxed(&ptls->gc_tls_common.gc_num.free_acc);
            jl_atomic_store_relaxed(&gc_heap_stats.heap_size, alloc_acc + jl_atomic_load_relaxed(&gc_heap_stats.heap_size));
            jl_atomic_store_relaxed(&ptls->gc_tls_common.gc_num.alloc_acc, 0);
            jl_atomic_store_relaxed(&ptls->gc_tls_common.gc_num.free_acc, 0);
        }
    }
}

static void reset_thread_gc_counts(void) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    int gc_n_threads;
    jl_ptls_t* gc_all_tls_states;
    gc_n_threads = jl_atomic_load_acquire(&jl_n_threads);
    gc_all_tls_states = jl_atomic_load_relaxed(&jl_all_tls_states);
    for (int i = 0; i < gc_n_threads; i++) {
        jl_ptls_t ptls = gc_all_tls_states[i];
        if (ptls == NULL) {
            continue;
        }
        // don't reset `pool_live_bytes` here
        jl_atomic_store_relaxed(&ptls->gc_tls_common.gc_num.allocd, -(int64_t)gc_num.interval);
        jl_atomic_store_relaxed(&ptls->gc_tls_common.gc_num.malloc, 0);
        jl_atomic_store_relaxed(&ptls->gc_tls_common.gc_num.realloc, 0);
        jl_atomic_store_relaxed(&ptls->gc_tls_common.gc_num.poolalloc, 0);
        jl_atomic_store_relaxed(&ptls->gc_tls_common.gc_num.bigalloc, 0);
        jl_atomic_store_relaxed(&ptls->gc_tls_common.gc_num.alloc_acc, 0);
        jl_atomic_store_relaxed(&ptls->gc_tls_common.gc_num.free_acc, 0);
    }
}

void jl_gc_reset_alloc_count(void)
{
    combine_thread_gc_counts(&gc_num, 0);
    int64_t alloc_increment = gc_num.deferred_alloc + gc_num.allocd;
    jl_timing_counter_inc(JL_TIMING_COUNTER_HeapSize, alloc_increment);
    live_bytes += alloc_increment;
    gc_num.allocd = 0;
    gc_num.deferred_alloc = 0;
    reset_thread_gc_counts();
}

static void jl_gc_free_memory(jl_genericmemory_t *m, int isaligned) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    assert(jl_is_genericmemory(m));
    assert(jl_genericmemory_how(m) == JL_GENERICMEMORY_GCMANAGED);
    char *d = (char*)m->ptr;
    size_t freed_bytes = memory_block_usable_size(d, isaligned);
    assert(freed_bytes != 0);
    if (isaligned)
        jl_free_aligned(d);
    else
        free(d);
    jl_atomic_store_relaxed(&gc_heap_stats.heap_size,
        jl_atomic_load_relaxed(&gc_heap_stats.heap_size) - freed_bytes);
    gc_num.freed += freed_bytes;
    gc_num.freecall++;
}

static void sweep_malloced_memory(void) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    gc_time_mallocd_memory_start();
    assert(gc_n_threads != 0);
    for (int t_i = 0; t_i < gc_n_threads; t_i++) {
        jl_ptls_t ptls2 = gc_all_tls_states[t_i];
        if (ptls2 == NULL) {
            continue;
        }
        size_t n = 0;
        size_t l = ptls2->gc_tls_common.heap.mallocarrays.len;
        void **lst = ptls2->gc_tls_common.heap.mallocarrays.items;
        // filter without preserving order
        while (n < l) {
            jl_genericmemory_t *m = (jl_genericmemory_t*)((uintptr_t)lst[n] & ~1);
            if (gc_marked(jl_astaggedvalue(m)->bits.gc)) {
                n++;
            }
            else {
                int isaligned = (uintptr_t)lst[n] & 1;
                jl_gc_free_memory(m, isaligned);
                l--;
                lst[n] = lst[l];
            }
        }
        ptls2->gc_tls_common.heap.mallocarrays.len = l;
    }
    gc_time_mallocd_memory_end();
}

// pool allocation
STATIC_INLINE jl_taggedvalue_t *gc_reset_page(jl_ptls_t ptls2, const jl_gc_pool_t *p, jl_gc_pagemeta_t *pg) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    assert(GC_PAGE_OFFSET >= sizeof(void*));
    pg->nfree = (GC_PAGE_SZ - GC_PAGE_OFFSET) / p->osize;
    pg->pool_n = p - ptls2->gc_tls.heap.norm_pools;
    jl_taggedvalue_t *beg = (jl_taggedvalue_t*)(pg->data + GC_PAGE_OFFSET);
    pg->has_young = 0;
    pg->has_marked = 0;
    pg->prev_nold = 0;
    pg->nold = 0;
    pg->fl_begin_offset = UINT16_MAX;
    pg->fl_end_offset = UINT16_MAX;
    return beg;
}

jl_gc_page_stack_t global_page_pool_lazily_freed;
jl_gc_page_stack_t global_page_pool_clean;
jl_gc_page_stack_t global_page_pool_freed;
pagetable_t alloc_map;

// Add a new page to the pool. Discards any pages in `p->newpages` before.
static NOINLINE jl_taggedvalue_t *gc_add_page(jl_gc_pool_t *p) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    // Do not pass in `ptls` as argument. This slows down the fast path
    // in small_alloc significantly
    jl_ptls_t ptls = jl_current_task->ptls;
    jl_gc_pagemeta_t *pg = jl_gc_alloc_page();
    pg->osize = p->osize;
    pg->thread_n = ptls->tid;
    set_page_metadata(pg);
    push_lf_back(&ptls->gc_tls.page_metadata_allocd, pg);
    jl_taggedvalue_t *fl = gc_reset_page(ptls, p, pg);
    jl_atomic_fetch_add_relaxed(&gc_heap_stats.heap_size, GC_PAGE_SZ);
    p->newpages = fl;
    return fl;
}

// Size includes the tag and the tag is not cleared!!
STATIC_INLINE jl_value_t *jl_gc_small_alloc_inner(jl_ptls_t ptls, int offset,
                                          int osize)
{
    // Use the pool offset instead of the pool address as the argument
    // to workaround a llvm bug.
    // Ref https://llvm.org/bugs/show_bug.cgi?id=27190
    jl_gc_pool_t *p = (jl_gc_pool_t*)((char*)ptls + offset);
    assert(jl_atomic_load_relaxed(&ptls->gc_state) == 0);
#ifdef MEMDEBUG
    return jl_gc_big_alloc(ptls, osize, NULL);
#endif
    maybe_collect(ptls);
    jl_atomic_store_relaxed(&ptls->gc_tls_common.gc_num.allocd,
        jl_atomic_load_relaxed(&ptls->gc_tls_common.gc_num.allocd) + osize);
    jl_atomic_store_relaxed(&ptls->gc_tls_common.gc_num.pool_live_bytes,
        jl_atomic_load_relaxed(&ptls->gc_tls_common.gc_num.pool_live_bytes) + osize);
    jl_atomic_store_relaxed(&ptls->gc_tls_common.gc_num.poolalloc,
        jl_atomic_load_relaxed(&ptls->gc_tls_common.gc_num.poolalloc) + 1);
    // first try to use the freelist
    jl_taggedvalue_t *v = p->freelist;
    if (v != NULL) {
        jl_taggedvalue_t *next = v->next;
        p->freelist = next;
        if (__unlikely(gc_page_data(v) != gc_page_data(next))) {
            // we only update pg's fields when the freelist changes page
            // since pg's metadata is likely not in cache
            jl_gc_pagemeta_t *pg = jl_assume(page_metadata_unsafe(v));
            assert(pg->osize == p->osize);
            pg->nfree = 0;
            pg->has_young = 1;
        }
        msan_allocated_memory(v, osize);
        return jl_valueof(v);
    }
    // if the freelist is empty we reuse empty but not freed pages
    v = p->newpages;
    jl_taggedvalue_t *next = (jl_taggedvalue_t*)((char*)v + osize);
    // If there's no pages left or the current page is used up,
    // we need to use the slow path.
    char *cur_page = gc_page_data((char*)v - 1);
    if (__unlikely(v == NULL || cur_page + GC_PAGE_SZ < (char*)next)) {
        if (v != NULL) {
            // like the freelist case,
            // but only update the page metadata when it is full
            jl_gc_pagemeta_t *pg = jl_assume(page_metadata_unsafe((char*)v - 1));
            assert(pg->osize == p->osize);
            pg->nfree = 0;
            pg->has_young = 1;
        }
        v = gc_add_page(p);
        next = (jl_taggedvalue_t*)((char*)v + osize);
    }
    p->newpages = next;
    msan_allocated_memory(v, osize);
    return jl_valueof(v);
}

// Instrumented version of jl_gc_small_alloc_inner, called into by LLVM-generated code.
JL_DLLEXPORT jl_value_t *jl_gc_small_alloc(jl_ptls_t ptls, int offset, int osize, jl_value_t* type)
{
    jl_value_t *val = jl_gc_small_alloc_inner(ptls, offset, osize);
    maybe_record_alloc_to_profile(val, osize, (jl_datatype_t*)type);
    return val;
}

// This wrapper exists only to prevent `jl_gc_small_alloc_inner` from being inlined into
// its callers. We provide an external-facing interface for callers, and inline `jl_gc_small_alloc_inner`
// into this. (See https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/pull/43868 for more details.)
jl_value_t *jl_gc_small_alloc_noinline(jl_ptls_t ptls, int offset, int osize) {
    return jl_gc_small_alloc_inner(ptls, offset, osize);
}

// Size does NOT include the type tag!!
inline jl_value_t *jl_gc_alloc_(jl_ptls_t ptls, size_t sz, void *ty)
{
    jl_value_t *v;
    const size_t allocsz = sz + sizeof(jl_taggedvalue_t);
    if (sz <= GC_MAX_SZCLASS) {
        int pool_id = jl_gc_szclass(allocsz);
        jl_gc_pool_t *p = &ptls->gc_tls.heap.norm_pools[pool_id];
        int osize = jl_gc_sizeclasses[pool_id];
        // We call `jl_gc_small_alloc_noinline` instead of `jl_gc_small_alloc` to avoid double-counting in
        // the Allocations Profiler. (See https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/pull/43868 for more details.)
        v = jl_gc_small_alloc_noinline(ptls, (char*)p - (char*)ptls, osize);
    }
    else {
        if (allocsz < sz) // overflow in adding offs, size was "negative"
            jl_throw(jl_memory_exception);
        v = jl_gc_big_alloc_noinline(ptls, allocsz);
    }
    jl_set_typeof(v, ty);
    maybe_record_alloc_to_profile(v, sz, (jl_datatype_t*)ty);
    return v;
}

int jl_gc_classify_pools(size_t sz, int *osize)
{
    if (sz > GC_MAX_SZCLASS)
        return -1;
    size_t allocsz = sz + sizeof(jl_taggedvalue_t);
    int klass = jl_gc_szclass(allocsz);
    *osize = jl_gc_sizeclasses[klass];
    return (int)(intptr_t)(&((jl_ptls_t)0)->gc_tls.heap.norm_pools[klass]);
}

// sweep phase

JL_DLLEXPORT gc_fragmentation_stat_t jl_gc_page_fragmentation_stats[JL_GC_N_POOLS];
JL_DLLEXPORT double jl_gc_page_utilization_stats[JL_GC_N_MAX_POOLS];

STATIC_INLINE void gc_update_fragmentation_data_for_size_class(jl_gc_pagemeta_t *pg) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    gc_fragmentation_stat_t *stats = &jl_gc_page_fragmentation_stats[pg->pool_n];
    jl_atomic_fetch_add_relaxed(&stats->n_freed_objs, pg->nfree);
    jl_atomic_fetch_add_relaxed(&stats->n_pages_allocd, 1);
}

STATIC_INLINE void gc_reset_fragmentation_data_for_size_classes(void) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    for (int i = 0; i < JL_GC_N_POOLS; i++) {
        jl_atomic_store_relaxed(&jl_gc_page_fragmentation_stats[i].n_freed_objs, 0);
        jl_atomic_store_relaxed(&jl_gc_page_fragmentation_stats[i].n_pages_allocd, 0);
    }
}

STATIC_INLINE void gc_compute_utilization_data_for_size_classes(void) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    for (int i = 0; i < JL_GC_N_POOLS; i++) {
        gc_fragmentation_stat_t *stats = &jl_gc_page_fragmentation_stats[i];
        double utilization = 1.0;
        size_t n_freed_objs = jl_atomic_load_relaxed(&stats->n_freed_objs);
        size_t n_pages_allocd = jl_atomic_load_relaxed(&stats->n_pages_allocd);
        if (n_pages_allocd != 0) {
            utilization -= ((double)n_freed_objs * (double)jl_gc_sizeclasses[i]) / (double)n_pages_allocd / (double)GC_PAGE_SZ;
        }
        jl_gc_page_utilization_stats[i] = utilization;
    }
}

// Walks over a page, reconstruting the free lists if the page contains at least one live object. If not,
// queues up the page for later decommit (i.e. through `madvise` on Unix).
static void gc_sweep_page(gc_page_profiler_serializer_t *s, jl_gc_pool_t *p, jl_gc_page_stack_t *allocd, jl_gc_pagemeta_t *pg, int osize) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    char *data = pg->data;
    jl_taggedvalue_t *v0 = (jl_taggedvalue_t*)(data + GC_PAGE_OFFSET);
    char *lim = data + GC_PAGE_SZ - osize;
    char *lim_newpages = data + GC_PAGE_SZ;
    if (gc_page_data((char*)p->newpages - 1) == data) {
        lim_newpages = (char*)p->newpages;
    }
    size_t old_nfree = pg->nfree;
    size_t nfree;
    // avoid loading a global variable in the hot path
    int page_profile_enabled = gc_page_profile_is_enabled();
    gc_page_serializer_init(s, pg);

    int re_use_page = 1;
    int freedall = 1;
    int pg_skpd = 1;
    if (!pg->has_marked) {
        re_use_page = 0;
        nfree = (GC_PAGE_SZ - GC_PAGE_OFFSET) / osize;
        gc_page_profile_write_empty_page(s, page_profile_enabled);
        goto done;
    }
    // For quick sweep, we might be able to skip the page if the page doesn't
    // have any young live cell before marking.
    if (!current_sweep_full && !pg->has_young) {
        assert(!prev_sweep_full || pg->prev_nold >= pg->nold);
        if (!prev_sweep_full || pg->prev_nold == pg->nold) {
            freedall = 0;
            nfree = pg->nfree;
            gc_page_profile_write_empty_page(s, page_profile_enabled);
            goto done;
        }
    }

    pg_skpd = 0;
    {   // scope to avoid clang goto errors
        int has_marked = 0;
        int has_young = 0;
        int16_t prev_nold = 0;
        int pg_nfree = 0;
        jl_taggedvalue_t *fl = NULL;
        jl_taggedvalue_t **pfl = &fl;
        jl_taggedvalue_t **pfl_begin = NULL;
        // collect page profile
        jl_taggedvalue_t *v = v0;
        if (page_profile_enabled) {
            while ((char*)v <= lim) {
                int bits = v->bits.gc;
                if (!gc_marked(bits) || (char*)v >= lim_newpages) {
                    gc_page_profile_write_garbage(s, page_profile_enabled);
                }
                else {
                    gc_page_profile_write_live_obj(s, v, page_profile_enabled);
                }
                v = (jl_taggedvalue_t*)((char*)v + osize);
            }
            v = v0;
        }
        // sweep the page
        while ((char*)v <= lim) {
            int bits = v->bits.gc;
            // if an object is past `lim_newpages` then we can guarantee it's garbage
            if (!gc_marked(bits) || (char*)v >= lim_newpages) {
                *pfl = v;
                pfl = &v->next;
                pfl_begin = (pfl_begin != NULL) ? pfl_begin : pfl;
                pg_nfree++;
            }
            else { // marked young or old
                if (current_sweep_full || bits == GC_MARKED) { // old enough
                    bits = v->bits.gc = GC_OLD; // promote
                }
                prev_nold++;
                has_marked |= gc_marked(bits);
                freedall = 0;
            }
            v = (jl_taggedvalue_t*)((char*)v + osize);
        }
        // gc_scrub_range (active under WITH_GC_DEBUG_ENV) conservatively marks any
        // pool object found on a task stack, including slots past lim_newpages on the
        // currently-active bump-pointer page. Those slots are unconditionally treated
        // as garbage by the sweep (line above: `(char*)v >= lim_newpages`), so
        // freedall=1 is valid when this is the active newpages page.
        assert(!freedall || lim_newpages < data + GC_PAGE_SZ);
        pg->has_marked = has_marked;
        pg->has_young = has_young;
        if (pfl_begin) {
            pg->fl_begin_offset = (char*)pfl_begin - data;
            pg->fl_end_offset = (char*)pfl - data;
        }
        else {
            pg->fl_begin_offset = UINT16_MAX;
            pg->fl_end_offset = UINT16_MAX;
        }

        pg->nfree = pg_nfree;
        if (current_sweep_full) {
            pg->nold = 0;
            pg->prev_nold = prev_nold;
        }
    }
    nfree = pg->nfree;

done:
    if (re_use_page) {
        gc_update_fragmentation_data_for_size_class(pg);
        push_lf_back(allocd, pg);
    }
    else {
        jl_atomic_fetch_add_relaxed(&gc_heap_stats.heap_size, -GC_PAGE_SZ);
        gc_alloc_map_set(pg->data, GC_PAGE_LAZILY_FREED);
        push_lf_back(&global_page_pool_lazily_freed, pg);
    }
    gc_page_profile_write_to_file(s);
    gc_time_count_page(freedall, pg_skpd);
    jl_ptls_t ptls = jl_current_task->ptls;
    // Note that we aggregate the `pool_live_bytes` over all threads before returning this
    // value to the user. It doesn't matter how the `pool_live_bytes` are partitioned among
    // the threads as long as the sum is correct. Let's add the `pool_live_bytes` to the current thread
    // instead of adding it to the thread that originally allocated the page, so we can avoid
    // an atomic-fetch-add here.
    size_t delta = (GC_PAGE_SZ - GC_PAGE_OFFSET - nfree * osize);
    jl_atomic_store_relaxed(&ptls->gc_tls_common.gc_num.pool_live_bytes,
        jl_atomic_load_relaxed(&ptls->gc_tls_common.gc_num.pool_live_bytes) + delta);
    jl_atomic_fetch_add_relaxed((_Atomic(int64_t) *)&gc_num.freed, (nfree - old_nfree) * osize);
}

// the actual sweeping over all allocated pages in a memory pool
STATIC_INLINE void gc_sweep_pool_page(gc_page_profiler_serializer_t *s, jl_gc_page_stack_t *allocd, jl_gc_pagemeta_t *pg) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    int p_n = pg->pool_n;
    int t_n = pg->thread_n;
    jl_ptls_t ptls2 = gc_all_tls_states[t_n];
    jl_gc_pool_t *p = &ptls2->gc_tls.heap.norm_pools[p_n];
    int osize = pg->osize;
    gc_sweep_page(s, p, allocd, pg, osize);
}

// sweep over all memory that is being used and not in a pool
static void gc_sweep_other(jl_ptls_t ptls, int sweep_full) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    uint64_t t_free_mallocd_memory_start = jl_hrtime();
    gc_sweep_foreign_objs();
    sweep_malloced_memory();
    sweep_big(ptls);
    uint64_t t_free_mallocd_memory_end = jl_hrtime();
    gc_num.total_sweep_free_mallocd_memory_time += t_free_mallocd_memory_end - t_free_mallocd_memory_start;
    jl_engine_sweep(gc_all_tls_states);
}

// wake up all threads to sweep the stacks
void gc_sweep_wake_all_stacks(jl_ptls_t ptls) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    uv_mutex_lock(&gc_threads_lock);
    int first = gc_first_parallel_collector_thread_id();
    int last = gc_last_parallel_collector_thread_id();
    for (int i = first; i <= last; i++) {
        jl_ptls_t ptls2 = gc_all_tls_states[i];
        gc_check_ptls_of_parallel_collector_thread(ptls2);
        jl_atomic_fetch_add(&ptls2->gc_tls.gc_stack_sweep_requested, 1);
    }
    uv_cond_broadcast(&gc_threads_cond);
    uv_mutex_unlock(&gc_threads_lock);
    return;
}

void gc_sweep_wait_for_all_stacks(void) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    while ((jl_atomic_load_acquire(&gc_ptls_sweep_idx) >= 0 ) || jl_atomic_load_acquire(&gc_n_threads_sweeping_stacks) != 0) {
        jl_cpu_pause();
    }
}

extern const unsigned pool_sizes[];

void sweep_stack_pool_loop(void) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    // Stack sweeping algorithm:
    //    // deallocate stacks if we have too many sitting around unused
    //    for (stk in halfof(free_stacks))
    //        free_stack(stk, pool_sz);
    //    // then sweep the task stacks
    //    for (t in live_tasks)
    //        if (!gc-marked(t))
    //            stkbuf = t->stkbuf
    //            bufsz = t->bufsz
    //            if (stkbuf)
    //                push(free_stacks[sz], stkbuf)
    jl_atomic_fetch_add(&gc_n_threads_sweeping_stacks, 1);
    while (1) {
        int i = jl_atomic_fetch_add_relaxed(&gc_ptls_sweep_idx, -1);
        if (i < 0)
            break;
        jl_ptls_t ptls2 = gc_all_tls_states[i];
        if (ptls2 == NULL)
            continue;
        assert(gc_n_threads != 0);
        // free half of stacks that remain unused since last sweep
        if (i == jl_atomic_load_relaxed(&gc_stack_free_idx)) {
            for (int p = 0; p < JL_N_STACK_POOLS; p++) {
                small_arraylist_t *al = &ptls2->gc_tls_common.heap.free_stacks[p];
                size_t n_to_free;
                if (jl_atomic_load_relaxed(&ptls2->current_task) == NULL) {
                    n_to_free = al->len; // not alive yet or dead, so it does not need these anymore
                }
                else if (al->len > MIN_STACK_MAPPINGS_PER_POOL) {
                    n_to_free = al->len / 2;
                    if (n_to_free > (al->len - MIN_STACK_MAPPINGS_PER_POOL))
                        n_to_free = al->len - MIN_STACK_MAPPINGS_PER_POOL;
                }
                else {
                    n_to_free = 0;
                }
                for (int n = 0; n < n_to_free; n++) {
                    void *stk = small_arraylist_pop(al);
                    free_stack(stk, pool_sizes[p]);
                }
                if (jl_atomic_load_relaxed(&ptls2->current_task) == NULL) {
                    small_arraylist_free(al);
                }
            }
        }
        if (jl_atomic_load_relaxed(&ptls2->current_task) == NULL) {
            small_arraylist_free(ptls2->gc_tls_common.heap.free_stacks);
        }

        small_arraylist_t *live_tasks = &ptls2->gc_tls_common.heap.live_tasks;
        size_t n = 0;
        size_t ndel = 0;
        size_t l = live_tasks->len;
        void **lst = live_tasks->items;
        if (l == 0)
            continue;
        while (1) {
            jl_task_t *t = (jl_task_t*)lst[n];
            assert(jl_is_task(t));
            if (gc_marked(jl_astaggedvalue(t)->bits.gc)) {
                if (t->ctx.stkbuf == NULL)
                    ndel++; // jl_release_task_stack called
                else
                    n++;
            }
            else {
                ndel++;
                void *stkbuf = t->ctx.stkbuf;
                size_t bufsz = t->ctx.bufsz;
                if (stkbuf) {
                    t->ctx.stkbuf = NULL;
                    _jl_free_stack(ptls2, stkbuf, bufsz);
                }
#ifdef _COMPILER_TSAN_ENABLED_
                if (t->ctx.tsan_state) {
                    __tsan_destroy_fiber(t->ctx.tsan_state);
                    t->ctx.tsan_state = NULL;
                }
#endif
            }
            if (n >= l - ndel)
                break;
            void *tmp = lst[n];
            lst[n] = lst[n + ndel];
            lst[n + ndel] = tmp;
        }
        live_tasks->len -= ndel;
    }
    jl_atomic_fetch_add(&gc_n_threads_sweeping_stacks, -1);
}

JL_DLLEXPORT void jl_gc_sweep_stack_pools_and_mtarraylist_buffers(jl_ptls_t ptls) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    // initialize ptls index for parallel sweeping of stack pools
    assert(gc_n_threads != 0);
    int stack_free_idx = jl_atomic_load_relaxed(&gc_stack_free_idx);
    if (stack_free_idx + 1 == gc_n_threads)
        jl_atomic_store_relaxed(&gc_stack_free_idx, 0);
    else
        jl_atomic_store_relaxed(&gc_stack_free_idx, stack_free_idx + 1);
    jl_atomic_store_release(&gc_ptls_sweep_idx, gc_n_threads - 1); // idx == gc_n_threads = release stacks to the OS so it's serial
    uv_mutex_lock(&live_tasks_lock);
    gc_sweep_wake_all_stacks(ptls);
    sweep_stack_pool_loop();
    gc_sweep_wait_for_all_stacks();
    sweep_mtarraylist_buffers();
    uv_mutex_unlock(&live_tasks_lock);
}

static void gc_pool_sync_nfree(jl_gc_pagemeta_t *pg, jl_taggedvalue_t *last) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    assert(pg->fl_begin_offset != UINT16_MAX);
    char *cur_pg = gc_page_data(last);
    // Fast path for page that has no allocation
    jl_taggedvalue_t *fl_beg = (jl_taggedvalue_t*)(cur_pg + pg->fl_begin_offset);
    if (last == fl_beg)
        return;
    int nfree = 0;
    do {
        nfree++;
        last = last->next;
    } while (gc_page_data(last) == cur_pg);
    pg->nfree = nfree;
}

// pre-scan pages to check whether there are enough pages so that's worth parallelizing
// also sweeps pages that don't need to be linearly scanned
int gc_sweep_prescan(jl_ptls_t ptls, jl_gc_padded_page_stack_t *new_gc_allocd_scratch) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    // 4MB worth of pages is worth parallelizing
    const int n_pages_worth_parallel_sweep = (int)(4 * (1 << 20) / GC_PAGE_SZ);
    int n_pages_to_scan = 0;
    gc_page_profiler_serializer_t serializer = gc_page_serializer_create();
    for (int t_i = 0; t_i < gc_n_threads; t_i++) {
        jl_ptls_t ptls2 = gc_all_tls_states[t_i];
        if (ptls2 == NULL) {
            continue;
        }
        jl_gc_page_stack_t *dest = &new_gc_allocd_scratch[ptls2->tid].stack;
        jl_gc_page_stack_t tmp;
        jl_gc_pagemeta_t *tail = NULL;
        memset(&tmp, 0, sizeof(tmp));
        while (1) {
            jl_gc_pagemeta_t *pg = pop_lf_back_nosync(&ptls2->gc_tls.page_metadata_allocd);
            if (pg == NULL) {
                break;
            }
            int should_scan = 1;
            if (!pg->has_marked) {
                should_scan = 0;
            }
            if (!current_sweep_full && !pg->has_young) {
                assert(!prev_sweep_full || pg->prev_nold >= pg->nold);
                if (!prev_sweep_full || pg->prev_nold == pg->nold) {
                    should_scan = 0;
                }
            }
            if (should_scan) {
                if (tail == NULL) {
                    tail = pg;
                }
                n_pages_to_scan++;
                assert((&global_page_pool_lazily_freed != &tmp) &&
                    "Cannot push back to the same stack we are popping from; see invariant of lock-free stack");
                push_lf_back_nosync(&tmp, pg);
            }
            else {
                gc_sweep_pool_page(&serializer, dest, pg);
            }
            if (n_pages_to_scan >= n_pages_worth_parallel_sweep) {
                break;
            }
        }
        if (tail != NULL) {
            tail->next = jl_atomic_load_relaxed(&ptls2->gc_tls.page_metadata_allocd.bottom);
        }
        ptls2->gc_tls.page_metadata_allocd = tmp;
        if (n_pages_to_scan >= n_pages_worth_parallel_sweep) {
            break;
        }
    }
    gc_page_serializer_destroy(&serializer);
    return n_pages_to_scan >= n_pages_worth_parallel_sweep;
}

// wake up all threads to sweep the pages
void gc_sweep_wake_all_pages(jl_ptls_t ptls, jl_gc_padded_page_stack_t *new_gc_allocd_scratch) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    int parallel_sweep_worthwhile = gc_sweep_prescan(ptls, new_gc_allocd_scratch);
    if (parallel_sweep_worthwhile && !page_profile_enabled) {
        jl_atomic_store(&gc_allocd_scratch, new_gc_allocd_scratch);
        uv_mutex_lock(&gc_threads_lock);
        int first = gc_first_parallel_collector_thread_id();
        int last = gc_last_parallel_collector_thread_id();
        for (int i = first; i <= last; i++) {
            jl_ptls_t ptls2 = gc_all_tls_states[i];
            gc_check_ptls_of_parallel_collector_thread(ptls2);
            jl_atomic_fetch_add(&ptls2->gc_tls.gc_sweeps_requested, 1);
        }
        uv_cond_broadcast(&gc_threads_cond);
        uv_mutex_unlock(&gc_threads_lock);
        return;
    }
    if (page_profile_enabled) {
        // we need to ensure that no threads are running sweeping when
        // collecting a page profile.
        // wait for all to leave in order to ensure that a straggler doesn't
        // try to enter sweeping after we set `gc_allocd_scratch` below.
        int first = gc_first_parallel_collector_thread_id();
        int last = gc_last_parallel_collector_thread_id();
        for (int i = first; i <= last; i++) {
            jl_ptls_t ptls2 = gc_all_tls_states[i];
            gc_check_ptls_of_parallel_collector_thread(ptls2);
            while (jl_atomic_load_acquire(&ptls2->gc_tls.gc_sweeps_requested) != 0) {
                jl_cpu_pause();
            }
        }
    }
    jl_atomic_store(&gc_allocd_scratch, new_gc_allocd_scratch);
}

// wait for all threads to finish sweeping
void gc_sweep_wait_for_all_pages(void) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    jl_atomic_store(&gc_allocd_scratch, NULL);
    while (jl_atomic_load_acquire(&gc_n_threads_sweeping_pools) != 0) {
        jl_cpu_pause();
    }
}

// sweep all pools
void gc_sweep_pool_parallel(jl_ptls_t ptls) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    jl_atomic_fetch_add(&gc_n_threads_sweeping_pools, 1);
    jl_gc_padded_page_stack_t *allocd_scratch = jl_atomic_load(&gc_allocd_scratch);
    if (allocd_scratch != NULL) {
        gc_page_profiler_serializer_t serializer = gc_page_serializer_create();
        while (1) {
            int found_pg = 0;
            // sequentially walk the threads and sweep the pages
            for (int t_i = 0; t_i < gc_n_threads; t_i++) {
                jl_ptls_t ptls2 = gc_all_tls_states[t_i];
                // skip foreign threads that already exited
                if (ptls2 == NULL) {
                    continue;
                }
                jl_gc_page_stack_t *dest = &allocd_scratch[ptls2->tid].stack;
                jl_gc_pagemeta_t *pg = try_pop_lf_back(&ptls2->gc_tls.page_metadata_allocd);
                assert((&ptls2->gc_tls.page_metadata_allocd != dest) &&
                    "Cannot push back to the same stack we are popping from; see invariant of lock-free stack");
                // failed steal attempt
                if (pg == NULL) {
                    continue;
                }
                gc_sweep_pool_page(&serializer, dest, pg);
                found_pg = 1;
            }
            if (!found_pg) {
                // check for termination
                int no_more_work = 1;
                for (int t_i = 0; t_i < gc_n_threads; t_i++) {
                    jl_ptls_t ptls2 = gc_all_tls_states[t_i];
                    // skip foreign threads that already exited
                    if (ptls2 == NULL) {
                        continue;
                    }
                    jl_gc_pagemeta_t *pg = jl_atomic_load_relaxed(&ptls2->gc_tls.page_metadata_allocd.bottom);
                    if (pg != NULL) {
                        no_more_work = 0;
                        break;
                    }
                }
                if (no_more_work) {
                    break;
                }
            }
            jl_cpu_pause();
        }
        gc_page_serializer_destroy(&serializer);
    }
    jl_atomic_fetch_add(&gc_n_threads_sweeping_pools, -1);
}

// free all pages (i.e. through `madvise` on Linux) that were lazily freed
void gc_free_pages(void) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    size_t n_pages_seen = 0;
    jl_gc_page_stack_t tmp;
    memset(&tmp, 0, sizeof(tmp));
    while (1) {
        jl_gc_pagemeta_t *pg = pop_lf_back(&global_page_pool_lazily_freed);
        if (pg == NULL) {
            break;
        }
        n_pages_seen++;
        // keep the last few pages around for a while
        if (n_pages_seen * GC_PAGE_SZ <= default_collect_interval) {
            assert((&global_page_pool_lazily_freed != &tmp) &&
                "Cannot push back to the same stack we are popping from; see invariant of lock-free stack");
            push_lf_back(&tmp, pg);
            continue;
        }
        jl_gc_free_page(pg);
        push_lf_back(&global_page_pool_freed, pg);
    }
    // If concurrent page sweeping is disabled, then `gc_free_pages` will be called in the stop-the-world
    // phase. We can guarantee, therefore, that there won't be any concurrent modifications to
    // `global_page_pool_lazily_freed`, so it's safe to assign `tmp` back to `global_page_pool_lazily_freed`.
    // Otherwise, we need to use the thread-safe push_lf_back/pop_lf_back functions.
    if (jl_n_sweepthreads == 0) {
        global_page_pool_lazily_freed = tmp;
    }
    else {
        while (1) {
            jl_gc_pagemeta_t *pg = pop_lf_back(&tmp);
            if (pg == NULL) {
                break;
            }
            assert((&global_page_pool_lazily_freed != &tmp) &&
                "Cannot push back to the same stack we are popping from; see invariant of lock-free stack");
            push_lf_back(&global_page_pool_lazily_freed, pg);
        }
    }
}

// setup the data-structures for a sweep over all memory pools
static void gc_sweep_pool(void) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    gc_time_pool_start();

    // For the benefit of the analyzer, which doesn't know that gc_n_threads
    // doesn't change over the course of this function
    size_t n_threads = gc_n_threads;

    // allocate enough space to hold the end of the free list chain
    // for every thread and pool size
    jl_taggedvalue_t ***pfl = (jl_taggedvalue_t ***) malloc_s(n_threads * JL_GC_N_POOLS * sizeof(jl_taggedvalue_t**));

    // update metadata of pages that were pointed to by freelist or newpages from a pool
    // i.e. pages being the current allocation target
    for (int t_i = 0; t_i < n_threads; t_i++) {
        jl_ptls_t ptls2 = gc_all_tls_states[t_i];
        if (ptls2 == NULL) {
            for (int i = 0; i < JL_GC_N_POOLS; i++) {
                pfl[t_i * JL_GC_N_POOLS + i] = NULL;
            }
            continue;
        }
        jl_atomic_store_relaxed(&ptls2->gc_tls_common.gc_num.pool_live_bytes, 0);
        for (int i = 0; i < JL_GC_N_POOLS; i++) {
            jl_gc_pool_t *p = &ptls2->gc_tls.heap.norm_pools[i];
            jl_taggedvalue_t *last = p->freelist;
            if (last != NULL) {
                jl_gc_pagemeta_t *pg = jl_assume(page_metadata_unsafe(last));
                gc_pool_sync_nfree(pg, last);
                pg->has_young = 1;
            }
            p->freelist =  NULL;
            pfl[t_i * JL_GC_N_POOLS + i] = &p->freelist;

            last = p->newpages;
            if (last != NULL) {
                char *last_p = (char*)last;
                jl_gc_pagemeta_t *pg = jl_assume(page_metadata_unsafe(last_p - 1));
                assert(last_p - gc_page_data(last_p - 1) >= GC_PAGE_OFFSET);
                pg->nfree = (GC_PAGE_SZ - (last_p - gc_page_data(last_p - 1))) / p->osize;
                pg->has_young = 1;
            }
        }
    }

    uint64_t t_page_walk_start = jl_hrtime();
    {
        // the actual sweeping
        jl_gc_padded_page_stack_t *new_gc_allocd_scratch = (jl_gc_padded_page_stack_t *) calloc_s(n_threads * sizeof(jl_gc_padded_page_stack_t));
        jl_ptls_t ptls = jl_current_task->ptls;
        gc_reset_fragmentation_data_for_size_classes();
        gc_sweep_wake_all_pages(ptls, new_gc_allocd_scratch);
        gc_sweep_pool_parallel(ptls);
        gc_sweep_wait_for_all_pages();

        // reset half-pages pointers
        for (int t_i = 0; t_i < n_threads; t_i++) {
            jl_ptls_t ptls2 = gc_all_tls_states[t_i];
            if (ptls2 != NULL) {
                ptls2->gc_tls.page_metadata_allocd = new_gc_allocd_scratch[t_i].stack;
                for (int i = 0; i < JL_GC_N_POOLS; i++) {
                    jl_gc_pool_t *p = &ptls2->gc_tls.heap.norm_pools[i];
                    p->newpages = NULL;
                }
            }
        }

        // merge free lists
        for (int t_i = 0; t_i < n_threads; t_i++) {
            jl_ptls_t ptls2 = gc_all_tls_states[t_i];
            if (ptls2 == NULL) {
                continue;
            }
            jl_gc_pagemeta_t *pg = jl_atomic_load_relaxed(&ptls2->gc_tls.page_metadata_allocd.bottom);
            while (pg != NULL) {
                jl_gc_pagemeta_t *pg2 = pg->next;
                if (pg->fl_begin_offset != UINT16_MAX) {
                    char *cur_pg = pg->data;
                    jl_taggedvalue_t *fl_beg = (jl_taggedvalue_t*)(cur_pg + pg->fl_begin_offset);
                    jl_taggedvalue_t *fl_end = (jl_taggedvalue_t*)(cur_pg + pg->fl_end_offset);
                    *pfl[t_i * JL_GC_N_POOLS + pg->pool_n] = fl_beg;
                    pfl[t_i * JL_GC_N_POOLS + pg->pool_n] = &fl_end->next;
                }
                pg = pg2;
            }
        }

        // null out terminal pointers of free lists
        for (int t_i = 0; t_i < n_threads; t_i++) {
            jl_ptls_t ptls2 = gc_all_tls_states[t_i];
            if (ptls2 != NULL) {
                for (int i = 0; i < JL_GC_N_POOLS; i++) {
                    *pfl[t_i * JL_GC_N_POOLS + i] = NULL;
                }
            }
        }

        // cleanup
        free(pfl);
        free(new_gc_allocd_scratch);
    }
    uint64_t t_page_walk_end = jl_hrtime();
    gc_num.total_sweep_page_walk_time += t_page_walk_end - t_page_walk_start;

#ifdef _P64 // only enable concurrent sweeping on 64bit
    // wake thread up to sweep concurrently
    if (jl_n_sweepthreads > 0) {
        uv_sem_post(&gc_sweep_assists_needed);
    }
    else {
        uint64_t t_madvise_start = jl_hrtime();
        gc_free_pages();
        uint64_t t_madvise_end = jl_hrtime();
        gc_num.total_sweep_madvise_time += t_madvise_end - t_madvise_start;
    }
#else
    gc_free_pages();
#endif
    gc_compute_utilization_data_for_size_classes();
    gc_time_pool_end(current_sweep_full);
}

// mark phase

JL_DLLEXPORT void jl_gc_queue_root(const jl_value_t *ptr)
{
    jl_ptls_t ptls = jl_current_task->ptls;
    jl_taggedvalue_t *o = jl_astaggedvalue(ptr);
    // The modification of the `gc_bits` needs to be atomic.
    // We need to ensure that objects are in the remset at
    // most once, since the mark phase may update page metadata,
    // which is not idempotent. See comments in https://github.com/JuliaLang/julia/issues/50419
    uintptr_t header = jl_atomic_fetch_and_relaxed((_Atomic(uintptr_t) *)&o->header, ~GC_OLD);
    if (header & GC_OLD) { // write barrier has not been triggered in this object yet
        arraylist_push(&ptls->gc_tls.heap.remset, (jl_value_t*)ptr);
        ptls->gc_tls.heap.remset_nptr++; // conservative
        // Image objects are analogous to a third "permanent" GC
        // generation, so here we maintain the remset for them.
        if (__unlikely((header & GC_IN_IMAGE) && !(header & GC_IN_IMAGE_REMSET))) {
            header = jl_atomic_fetch_or_relaxed((_Atomic(uintptr_t) *)&o->header, GC_IN_IMAGE_REMSET);
            if (!(header & GC_IN_IMAGE_REMSET)) {
                JL_LOCK_NOGC(&image_remset_lock);
                arraylist_push(&image_remset, (void*)ptr);
                JL_UNLOCK_NOGC(&image_remset_lock);
            }
        }
    }
}

JL_DLLEXPORT void jl_gc_wb_cold(const void *parent, const void *ptr) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    if (ptr == NULL)
        return;
    if (jl_astaggedvalue(parent)->bits.in_image != 1 /* GC_IN_IMAGE_NOT_REMSET */ && // parent is not an unmarked image object
        (jl_astaggedvalue(ptr)->bits.gc & 1 /* GC_MARKED */) != 0) // ptr is old
        return;
    jl_gc_queue_root((jl_value_t*)parent);
}

void jl_gc_queue_multiroot(const jl_value_t *parent, const void *ptr, jl_datatype_t *dt) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    const jl_datatype_layout_t *ly = dt->layout;
    uint32_t npointers = ly->npointers;
    //if (npointers == 0) // this was checked by the caller
    //    return;
    jl_value_t *ptrf = ((jl_value_t**)ptr)[ly->first_ptr];
    if (ptrf && (jl_astaggedvalue(ptrf)->bits.gc & 1) == 0) {
        // this pointer was young, move the barrier back now
        jl_gc_wb_back(parent);
        return;
    }
    assert(ly->flags.fielddesc_type != JL_FIELDDESC_FOREIGN);
    const uint8_t *ptrs8 = (const uint8_t *)jl_dt_layout_ptrs(ly);
    const uint16_t *ptrs16 = (const uint16_t *)jl_dt_layout_ptrs(ly);
    const uint32_t *ptrs32 = (const uint32_t*)jl_dt_layout_ptrs(ly);
    for (size_t i = 1; i < npointers; i++) {
        uint32_t fld;
        if (ly->flags.fielddesc_type == JL_FIELDDESC_8) {
            fld = ptrs8[i];
        }
        else if (ly->flags.fielddesc_type == JL_FIELDDESC_16) {
            fld = ptrs16[i];
        }
        else {
            assert(ly->flags.fielddesc_type == JL_FIELDDESC_32);
            fld = ptrs32[i];
        }
        jl_value_t *ptrf = ((jl_value_t**)ptr)[fld];
        if (ptrf && (jl_astaggedvalue(ptrf)->bits.gc & 1) == 0) {
            // this pointer was young, move the barrier back now
            jl_gc_wb_back(parent);
            return;
        }
    }
}


#ifdef JL_DEBUG_BUILD
static void *volatile gc_findval; // for usage from gdb, for finding the gc-root for a value
#endif


// Handle the case where the stack is only partially copied.
STATIC_INLINE uintptr_t gc_get_stack_addr(void *_addr, uintptr_t offset,
                                          uintptr_t lb, uintptr_t ub) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    uintptr_t addr = (uintptr_t)_addr;
    if (addr >= lb && addr < ub)
        return addr + offset;
    return addr;
}

STATIC_INLINE uintptr_t gc_read_stack(void *_addr, uintptr_t offset,
                                      uintptr_t lb, uintptr_t ub) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    uintptr_t real_addr = gc_get_stack_addr(_addr, offset, lb, ub);
    return *(uintptr_t*)real_addr;
}

STATIC_INLINE void gc_assert_parent_validity(jl_value_t *parent, jl_value_t *child) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
#if defined(GC_VERIFY) || defined(GC_ASSERT_PARENT_VALIDITY)
    jl_taggedvalue_t *child_astagged = jl_astaggedvalue(child);
    jl_taggedvalue_t *child_vtag = (jl_taggedvalue_t *)(child_astagged->header & ~(uintptr_t)0xf);
    uintptr_t child_vt = (uintptr_t)child_vtag;
    if (child_vt == (jl_datatype_tag << 4) ||
        child_vt == (jl_unionall_tag << 4) ||
        child_vt == (jl_uniontype_tag << 4) ||
        child_vt == (jl_typeeq_tag << 4) ||
        child_vt == (jl_tvar_tag << 4) ||
        child_vt == (jl_vararg_tag << 4)) {
        // Skip, since these wouldn't hit the object assert anyway
        return;
    }
    else if (child_vt < jl_max_tags << 4) {
        // Skip, since these wouldn't hit the object assert anyway
        return;
    }
    if (__unlikely(!jl_is_datatype((jl_datatype_t *)child_vt) || ((jl_datatype_t *)child_vt)->smalltag)) {
        ios_t *const s = ios_safe_stderr;
        jl_safe_fprintf(s, "GC error (probable corruption)\n");
        jl_gc_debug_fprint_status(s);
        jl_safe_fprintf(s, "Parent %p\n", (void *)parent);
        jl_safe_fprintf(s, "of type:\n");
        jl_safe_static_show((JL_STREAM*)s, (jl_value_t *)jl_typeof(parent));
        jl_safe_fprintf(s, "While marking child at %p\n", (void *)child);
        jl_safe_fprintf(s, "of type:\n");
        jl_safe_static_show((JL_STREAM*)s, (jl_value_t *)child_vtag);
        jl_gc_debug_fprint_critical_error(s);
        abort();
    }
#endif
}

// Check if `nptr` is tagged for `old + refyoung`,
// Push the object to the remset and update the `nptr` counter if necessary.
STATIC_INLINE void gc_mark_push_remset(jl_ptls_t ptls, jl_value_t *obj,
                                       uintptr_t nptr) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    if (__unlikely((nptr & 0x3) == 0x3)) {
        ptls->gc_tls.heap.remset_nptr += nptr >> 2;
        arraylist_t *remset = &ptls->gc_tls.heap.remset;
        size_t len = remset->len;
        if (__unlikely(len >= remset->max)) {
            arraylist_push(remset, obj);
        }
        else {
            remset->len = len + 1;
            remset->items[len] = obj;
        }
    }
}

// Push a work item to the queue
STATIC_INLINE void gc_ptr_queue_push(jl_gc_markqueue_t *mq, jl_value_t *obj) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
#ifdef JL_DEBUG_BUILD
    if (obj == gc_findval)
        jl_raise_debugger();
#endif
    ws_array_t *old_a = ws_queue_push(&mq->ptr_queue, &obj, sizeof(jl_value_t*));
    // Put `old_a` in `reclaim_set` to be freed after the mark phase
    if (__unlikely(old_a != NULL))
        arraylist_push(&mq->reclaim_set, old_a);
}

// Pop from the mark queue
STATIC_INLINE jl_value_t *gc_ptr_queue_pop(jl_gc_markqueue_t *mq) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    jl_value_t *v = NULL;
    ws_queue_pop(&mq->ptr_queue, &v, sizeof(jl_value_t*));
    return v;
}

// Steal from `mq2`
STATIC_INLINE jl_value_t *gc_ptr_queue_steal_from(jl_gc_markqueue_t *mq2) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    jl_value_t *v = NULL;
    ws_queue_steal_from(&mq2->ptr_queue, &v, sizeof(jl_value_t*));
    return v;
}

// Push chunk `*c` into chunk queue
STATIC_INLINE void gc_chunkqueue_push(jl_gc_markqueue_t *mq, jl_gc_chunk_t *c) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    ws_array_t *old_a = ws_queue_push(&mq->chunk_queue, c, sizeof(jl_gc_chunk_t));
    // Put `old_a` in `reclaim_set` to be freed after the mark phase
    if (__unlikely(old_a != NULL))
        arraylist_push(&mq->reclaim_set, old_a);
}

// Pop chunk from chunk queue
STATIC_INLINE jl_gc_chunk_t gc_chunkqueue_pop(jl_gc_markqueue_t *mq) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    jl_gc_chunk_t c = {.cid = GC_empty_chunk};
    ws_queue_pop(&mq->chunk_queue, &c, sizeof(jl_gc_chunk_t));
    return c;
}

// Dump mark queue on critical error
JL_NORETURN NOINLINE void gc_dump_queue_and_abort(jl_ptls_t ptls, jl_datatype_t *vt) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    ios_t *const s = ios_safe_stderr;
    jl_safe_fprintf(s, "GC error (probable corruption)\n");
    jl_gc_debug_fprint_status(s);
    jl_safe_static_show((JL_STREAM*)s, (jl_value_t *)vt);
    jl_gc_debug_fprint_critical_error(s);
    if (jl_n_gcthreads == 0) {
        jl_safe_fprintf(s, "\n");
        jl_value_t *new_obj;
        jl_gc_markqueue_t *mq = &ptls->gc_tls.mark_queue;
        jl_safe_fprintf(s, "thread %d ptr queue:\n", ptls->tid);
        jl_safe_fprintf(s, "~~~~~~~~~~ ptr queue top ~~~~~~~~~~\n");
        while ((new_obj = gc_ptr_queue_steal_from(mq)) != NULL) {
            jl_safe_static_show((JL_STREAM*)s, new_obj);
            jl_safe_fprintf(s, "==========\n");
        }
        jl_safe_fprintf(s, "~~~~~~~~~~ ptr queue bottom ~~~~~~~~~~\n");
    }
    abort();
}

// Steal chunk from `mq2`
STATIC_INLINE jl_gc_chunk_t gc_chunkqueue_steal_from(jl_gc_markqueue_t *mq2) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    jl_gc_chunk_t c = {.cid = GC_empty_chunk};
    ws_queue_steal_from(&mq2->chunk_queue, &c, sizeof(jl_gc_chunk_t));
    return c;
}

// Enqueue an unmarked obj. last bit of `nptr` is set if `_obj` is young
STATIC_INLINE void gc_try_claim_and_push(jl_gc_markqueue_t *mq, void *_obj,
                           uintptr_t *nptr) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    if (_obj == NULL)
        return;
    jl_value_t *obj = (jl_value_t *)jl_assume(_obj);
    jl_taggedvalue_t *o = jl_astaggedvalue(obj);
    if (!gc_old(o->header) && nptr)
        *nptr |= 1;
    if (gc_try_setmark_tag(o, GC_MARKED))
        gc_ptr_queue_push(mq, obj);
}

// Mark object with 8bit field descriptors
STATIC_INLINE jl_value_t *gc_mark_obj8(jl_ptls_t ptls, char *obj8_parent, uint8_t *obj8_begin,
                         uint8_t *obj8_end, uintptr_t nptr) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    (void)jl_assume(obj8_begin < obj8_end);
    jl_gc_markqueue_t *mq = &ptls->gc_tls.mark_queue;
    jl_value_t **slot = NULL;
    jl_value_t *new_obj = NULL;
    for (; obj8_begin < obj8_end; obj8_begin++) {
        slot = &((jl_value_t**)obj8_parent)[*obj8_begin];
        new_obj = *slot;
        if (new_obj != NULL) {
            verify_parent2("object", obj8_parent, slot, "field(%d)",
                            gc_slot_to_fieldidx(obj8_parent, slot, (jl_datatype_t*)jl_typeof(obj8_parent)));
            gc_assert_parent_validity((jl_value_t *)obj8_parent, new_obj);
            if (obj8_begin + 1 != obj8_end) {
                gc_try_claim_and_push(mq, new_obj, &nptr);
            }
            else {
                // Unroll marking of last item to avoid pushing
                // and popping it right away
                jl_taggedvalue_t *o = jl_astaggedvalue(new_obj);
                nptr |= !gc_old(o->header);
                if (!gc_try_setmark_tag(o, GC_MARKED)) new_obj = NULL;
            }
            gc_heap_snapshot_record_object_edge((jl_value_t*)obj8_parent, slot);
        }
    }
    gc_mark_push_remset(ptls, (jl_value_t *)obj8_parent, nptr);
    return new_obj;
}

// Mark object with 16bit field descriptors
STATIC_INLINE jl_value_t *gc_mark_obj16(jl_ptls_t ptls, char *obj16_parent, uint16_t *obj16_begin,
                          uint16_t *obj16_end, uintptr_t nptr) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    (void)jl_assume(obj16_begin < obj16_end);
    jl_gc_markqueue_t *mq = &ptls->gc_tls.mark_queue;
    jl_value_t **slot = NULL;
    jl_value_t *new_obj = NULL;
    for (; obj16_begin < obj16_end; obj16_begin++) {
        slot = &((jl_value_t **)obj16_parent)[*obj16_begin];
        new_obj = *slot;
        if (new_obj != NULL) {
            verify_parent2("object", obj16_parent, slot, "field(%d)",
                            gc_slot_to_fieldidx(obj16_parent, slot, (jl_datatype_t*)jl_typeof(obj16_parent)));
            gc_assert_parent_validity((jl_value_t *)obj16_parent, new_obj);
            if (obj16_begin + 1 != obj16_end) {
                gc_try_claim_and_push(mq, new_obj, &nptr);
            }
            else {
                // Unroll marking of last item to avoid pushing
                // and popping it right away
                jl_taggedvalue_t *o = jl_astaggedvalue(new_obj);
                nptr |= !gc_old(o->header);
                if (!gc_try_setmark_tag(o, GC_MARKED)) new_obj = NULL;
            }
            gc_heap_snapshot_record_object_edge((jl_value_t*)obj16_parent, slot);
        }
    }
    gc_mark_push_remset(ptls, (jl_value_t *)obj16_parent, nptr);
    return new_obj;
}

// Mark object with 32bit field descriptors
STATIC_INLINE jl_value_t *gc_mark_obj32(jl_ptls_t ptls, char *obj32_parent, uint32_t *obj32_begin,
                          uint32_t *obj32_end, uintptr_t nptr) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    (void)jl_assume(obj32_begin < obj32_end);
    jl_gc_markqueue_t *mq = &ptls->gc_tls.mark_queue;
    jl_value_t **slot = NULL;
    jl_value_t *new_obj = NULL;
    for (; obj32_begin < obj32_end; obj32_begin++) {
        slot = &((jl_value_t **)obj32_parent)[*obj32_begin];
        new_obj = *slot;
        if (new_obj != NULL) {
            verify_parent2("object", obj32_parent, slot, "field(%d)",
                            gc_slot_to_fieldidx(obj32_parent, slot, (jl_datatype_t*)jl_typeof(obj32_parent)));
            gc_assert_parent_validity((jl_value_t *)obj32_parent, new_obj);
            if (obj32_begin + 1 != obj32_end) {
                gc_try_claim_and_push(mq, new_obj, &nptr);
            }
            else {
                // Unroll marking of last item to avoid pushing
                // and popping it right away
                jl_taggedvalue_t *o = jl_astaggedvalue(new_obj);
                nptr |= !gc_old(o->header);
                if (!gc_try_setmark_tag(o, GC_MARKED)) new_obj = NULL;
            }
            gc_heap_snapshot_record_object_edge((jl_value_t*)obj32_parent, slot);
        }
    }
    gc_mark_push_remset(ptls, (jl_value_t *)obj32_parent, nptr);
    return new_obj;
}

// Mark object array
STATIC_INLINE void gc_mark_objarray(jl_ptls_t ptls, jl_value_t *obj_parent, jl_value_t **obj_begin,
                      jl_value_t **obj_end, uint32_t step, uintptr_t nptr) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    jl_gc_markqueue_t *mq = &ptls->gc_tls.mark_queue;
    jl_value_t *new_obj;
    // Decide whether need to chunk objary
    assert(step > 0);
    (void)jl_assume(step > 0);
    if ((nptr & 0x2) == 0x2) {
        // pre-scan this object: most of this object should be old, so look for
        // the first young object before starting this chunk
        // (this also would be valid for young objects, but probably less beneficial)
        for (; obj_begin < obj_end; obj_begin += step) {
            jl_value_t **slot = obj_begin;
            new_obj = *slot;
            if (new_obj != NULL) {
                verify_parent2("obj array", obj_parent, obj_begin, "elem(%d)",
                               gc_slot_to_arrayidx(obj_parent, obj_begin));
                jl_taggedvalue_t *o = jl_astaggedvalue(new_obj);
                if (!gc_old(o->header))
                    nptr |= 1;
                if (!gc_marked(o->header))
                    break;
                gc_heap_snapshot_record_array_edge(obj_parent, slot);
            }
        }
    }
    size_t too_big = (obj_end - obj_begin) / GC_CHUNK_BATCH_SIZE > step; // use this order of operations to avoid idiv
    jl_value_t **scan_end = obj_end;
    int pushed_chunk = 0;
    if (too_big) {
        scan_end = obj_begin + step * GC_CHUNK_BATCH_SIZE;
        // case 1: array owner is young, so we won't need to scan through all its elements
        // to know that we will never need to push it to the remset. it's fine
        // to create a chunk with "incorrect" `nptr` and push it to the chunk-queue
        // ASAP in order to expose as much parallelism as possible
        // case 2: lowest two bits of `nptr` are already set to 0x3, so won't change after
        // scanning the array elements
        if ((nptr & 0x2) != 0x2 || (nptr & 0x3) == 0x3) {
            jl_gc_chunk_t c = {GC_objary_chunk, obj_parent, scan_end, obj_end, NULL, NULL, step, nptr};
            gc_chunkqueue_push(mq, &c);
            pushed_chunk = 1;
        }
    }
    for (; obj_begin < scan_end; obj_begin += step) {
        jl_value_t **slot = obj_begin;
        new_obj = *obj_begin;
        if (new_obj != NULL) {
            verify_parent2("obj array", obj_parent, obj_begin, "elem(%d)",
                        gc_slot_to_arrayidx(obj_parent, obj_begin));
            gc_assert_parent_validity(obj_parent, new_obj);
            gc_try_claim_and_push(mq, new_obj, &nptr);
            gc_heap_snapshot_record_array_edge(obj_parent, slot);
        }
    }
    if (too_big) {
        if (!pushed_chunk) {
            jl_gc_chunk_t c = {GC_objary_chunk, obj_parent, scan_end, obj_end, NULL, NULL, step, nptr};
            gc_chunkqueue_push(mq, &c);
        }
    }
    else {
        gc_mark_push_remset(ptls, obj_parent, nptr);
    }
}

// Mark array with 8bit field descriptors
STATIC_INLINE void gc_mark_memory8(jl_ptls_t ptls, jl_value_t *ary8_parent, jl_value_t **ary8_begin,
                    jl_value_t **ary8_end, uint8_t *elem_begin, uint8_t *elem_end, uintptr_t elsize,
                    uintptr_t nptr) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    jl_gc_markqueue_t *mq = &ptls->gc_tls.mark_queue;
    jl_value_t *new_obj;
    assert(elsize > 0);
    (void)jl_assume(elsize > 0);
    // Decide whether need to chunk objary
    if ((nptr & 0x2) == 0x2) {
        // pre-scan this object: most of this object should be old, so look for
        // the first young object before starting this chunk
        // (this also would be valid for young objects, but probably less beneficial)
        for (; ary8_begin < ary8_end; ary8_begin += elsize) {
            int early_end = 0;
            for (uint8_t *pindex = elem_begin; pindex < elem_end; pindex++) {
                jl_value_t **slot = &ary8_begin[*pindex];
                new_obj = *slot;
                if (new_obj != NULL) {
                    verify_parent2("array", ary8_parent, &new_obj, "elem(%d)",
                                gc_slot_to_arrayidx(ary8_parent, ary8_begin));
                    jl_taggedvalue_t *o = jl_astaggedvalue(new_obj);
                    if (!gc_old(o->header))
                        nptr |= 1;
                    if (!gc_marked(o->header)){
                        early_end = 1;
                        break;
                    }
                    gc_heap_snapshot_record_array_edge(ary8_parent, slot);
                }
            }
            if (early_end)
                break;
        }
    }
    size_t too_big = (ary8_end - ary8_begin) / GC_CHUNK_BATCH_SIZE > elsize; // use this order of operations to avoid idiv
    jl_value_t **scan_end = ary8_end;
    int pushed_chunk = 0;
    if (too_big) {
        scan_end = ary8_begin + elsize * GC_CHUNK_BATCH_SIZE;
        // case 1: array owner is young, so we won't need to scan through all its elements
        // to know that we will never need to push it to the remset. it's fine
        // to create a chunk with "incorrect" `nptr` and push it to the chunk-queue
        // ASAP in order to expose as much parallelism as possible
        // case 2: lowest two bits of `nptr` are already set to 0x3, so won't change after
        // scanning the array elements
        if ((nptr & 0x2) != 0x2 || (nptr & 0x3) == 0x3) {
            jl_gc_chunk_t c = {GC_ary8_chunk, ary8_parent, scan_end, ary8_end, elem_begin, elem_end, elsize, nptr};
            gc_chunkqueue_push(mq, &c);
            pushed_chunk = 1;
        }
    }
    for (; ary8_begin < scan_end; ary8_begin += elsize) {
        for (uint8_t *pindex = elem_begin; pindex < elem_end; pindex++) {
            jl_value_t **slot = &ary8_begin[*pindex];
            new_obj = *slot;
            if (new_obj != NULL) {
                verify_parent2("array", ary8_parent, &new_obj, "elem(%d)",
                               gc_slot_to_arrayidx(ary8_parent, ary8_begin));
                gc_assert_parent_validity(ary8_parent, new_obj);
                gc_try_claim_and_push(mq, new_obj, &nptr);
                gc_heap_snapshot_record_array_edge(ary8_parent, slot);
            }
        }
    }
    if (too_big) {
        if (!pushed_chunk) {
            jl_gc_chunk_t c = {GC_ary8_chunk, ary8_parent, scan_end, ary8_end, elem_begin, elem_end, elsize, nptr};
            gc_chunkqueue_push(mq, &c);
        }
    }
    else {
        gc_mark_push_remset(ptls, ary8_parent, nptr);
    }
}

// Mark array with 16bit field descriptors
STATIC_INLINE void gc_mark_memory16(jl_ptls_t ptls, jl_value_t *ary16_parent, jl_value_t **ary16_begin,
                     jl_value_t **ary16_end, uint16_t *elem_begin, uint16_t *elem_end, size_t elsize,
                     uintptr_t nptr) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    jl_gc_markqueue_t *mq = &ptls->gc_tls.mark_queue;
    jl_value_t *new_obj;
    assert(elsize > 0);
    (void)jl_assume(elsize > 0);
    // Decide whether need to chunk objary
    if ((nptr & 0x2) == 0x2) {
        // pre-scan this object: most of this object should be old, so look for
        // the first young object before starting this chunk
        // (this also would be valid for young objects, but probably less beneficial)
        for (; ary16_begin < ary16_end; ary16_begin += elsize) {
            int early_end = 0;
            for (uint16_t *pindex = elem_begin; pindex < elem_end; pindex++) {
                jl_value_t **slot = &ary16_begin[*pindex];
                new_obj = *slot;
                if (new_obj != NULL) {
                    verify_parent2("array", ary16_parent, &new_obj, "elem(%d)",
                                gc_slot_to_arrayidx(ary16_parent, ary16_begin));
                    jl_taggedvalue_t *o = jl_astaggedvalue(new_obj);
                    if (!gc_old(o->header))
                        nptr |= 1;
                    if (!gc_marked(o->header)){
                        early_end = 1;
                        break;
                    }
                    gc_heap_snapshot_record_array_edge(ary16_parent, slot);
                }
            }
            if (early_end)
                break;
        }
    }
    size_t too_big = (ary16_end - ary16_begin) / GC_CHUNK_BATCH_SIZE > elsize; // use this order of operations to avoid idiv
    jl_value_t **scan_end = ary16_end;
    int pushed_chunk = 0;
    if (too_big) {
        scan_end = ary16_begin + elsize * GC_CHUNK_BATCH_SIZE;
        // case 1: array owner is young, so we won't need to scan through all its elements
        // to know that we will never need to push it to the remset. it's fine
        // to create a chunk with "incorrect" `nptr` and push it to the chunk-queue
        // ASAP in order to expose as much parallelism as possible
        // case 2: lowest two bits of `nptr` are already set to 0x3, so won't change after
        // scanning the array elements
        if ((nptr & 0x2) != 0x2 || (nptr & 0x3) == 0x3) {
            jl_gc_chunk_t c = {GC_ary16_chunk, ary16_parent, scan_end, ary16_end, elem_begin, elem_end, elsize, nptr};
            gc_chunkqueue_push(mq, &c);
            pushed_chunk = 1;
        }
    }
    for (; ary16_begin < scan_end; ary16_begin += elsize) {
        for (uint16_t *pindex = elem_begin; pindex < elem_end; pindex++) {
            jl_value_t **slot = &ary16_begin[*pindex];
            new_obj = *slot;
            if (new_obj != NULL) {
                verify_parent2("array", ary16_parent, &new_obj, "elem(%d)",
                               gc_slot_to_arrayidx(ary16_parent, ary16_begin));
                gc_assert_parent_validity(ary16_parent, new_obj);
                gc_try_claim_and_push(mq, new_obj, &nptr);
                gc_heap_snapshot_record_array_edge(ary16_parent, slot);
            }
        }
    }
    if (too_big) {
        if (!pushed_chunk) {
            jl_gc_chunk_t c = {GC_ary16_chunk, ary16_parent, scan_end, ary16_end, elem_begin, elem_end, elsize, nptr};
            gc_chunkqueue_push(mq, &c);
        }
    }
    else {
        gc_mark_push_remset(ptls, ary16_parent, nptr);
    }
}

// Mark gc frame
STATIC_INLINE void gc_mark_stack(jl_ptls_t ptls, jl_gcframe_t *s, uint32_t nroots, uintptr_t offset,
                   uintptr_t lb, uintptr_t ub) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    jl_gc_markqueue_t *mq = &ptls->gc_tls.mark_queue;
    jl_value_t *new_obj;
    uint32_t nr = nroots >> 2;
    while (1) {
        jl_value_t ***rts = (jl_value_t ***)(((void **)s) + 2);
        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < nr; i++) {
            if (nroots & 1) {
                void **slot = (void **)gc_read_stack(&rts[i], offset, lb, ub);
                new_obj = (jl_value_t *)gc_read_stack(slot, offset, lb, ub);
                if (new_obj == NULL)
                    continue;
            }
            else {
                new_obj = (jl_value_t *)gc_read_stack(&rts[i], offset, lb, ub);
                if (gc_ptr_tag(new_obj, 1)) {
                    // handle tagged pointers in finalizer list
                    new_obj = (jl_value_t *)gc_ptr_clear_tag(new_obj, 1);
                    // skip over the finalizer fptr
                    i++;
                }
                if (gc_ptr_tag(new_obj, 2))
                    continue;
                // conservatively check for the presence of any smalltag type, instead of just NULL
                // in the very unlikely event that codegen decides to root the result of julia.typeof
                if (new_obj < (jl_value_t*)((uintptr_t)jl_max_tags << 4))
                    continue;
            }
            gc_try_claim_and_push(mq, new_obj, NULL);
            gc_heap_snapshot_record_frame_to_object_edge(s, new_obj);
        }
        jl_gcframe_t *sprev = (jl_gcframe_t *)gc_read_stack(&s->prev, offset, lb, ub);
        if (sprev == NULL)
            break;
        gc_heap_snapshot_record_frame_to_frame_edge(s, sprev);
        s = sprev;
        uintptr_t new_nroots = gc_read_stack(&s->nroots, offset, lb, ub);
        assert(new_nroots <= UINT32_MAX);
        nroots = (uint32_t)new_nroots;
        nr = nroots >> 2;
    }
}

// Mark exception stack
STATIC_INLINE void gc_mark_excstack(jl_ptls_t ptls, jl_excstack_t *excstack, size_t itr) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    jl_gc_markqueue_t *mq = &ptls->gc_tls.mark_queue;
    jl_value_t *new_obj;
    while (itr > 0) {
        size_t bt_size = jl_excstack_bt_size(excstack, itr);
        jl_bt_element_t *bt_data = jl_excstack_bt_data(excstack, itr);
        for (size_t bt_index = 0; bt_index < bt_size;
             bt_index += jl_bt_entry_size(bt_data + bt_index)) {
            jl_bt_element_t *bt_entry = bt_data + bt_index;
            if (jl_bt_is_native(bt_entry))
                continue;
            // Found an extended backtrace entry: iterate over any
            // GC-managed values inside.
            size_t njlvals = jl_bt_num_jlvals(bt_entry);
            for (size_t jlval_index = 0; jlval_index < njlvals; jlval_index++) {
                new_obj = jl_bt_entry_jlvalue(bt_entry, jlval_index);
                gc_try_claim_and_push(mq, new_obj, NULL);
                gc_heap_snapshot_record_frame_to_object_edge(bt_entry, new_obj);
            }
        }
        // The exception comes last - mark it
        new_obj = jl_excstack_exception(excstack, itr);
        itr = jl_excstack_next(excstack, itr);
        gc_try_claim_and_push(mq, new_obj, NULL);
        gc_heap_snapshot_record_frame_to_object_edge(excstack, new_obj);
    }
}

// Mark module binding
STATIC_INLINE void gc_mark_module_binding(jl_ptls_t ptls, jl_module_t *mb_parent, uintptr_t nptr,
                            uint8_t bits) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    jl_gc_markqueue_t *mq = &ptls->gc_tls.mark_queue;
    jl_value_t *bindings = (jl_value_t *)jl_atomic_load_relaxed(&mb_parent->bindings);
    gc_assert_parent_validity((jl_value_t *)mb_parent, bindings);
    gc_try_claim_and_push(mq, bindings, &nptr);
    jl_value_t *bindingkeyset = (jl_value_t *)jl_atomic_load_relaxed(&mb_parent->bindingkeyset);
    gc_assert_parent_validity((jl_value_t *)mb_parent, bindingkeyset);
    gc_try_claim_and_push(mq, bindingkeyset, &nptr);
    gc_heap_snapshot_record_module_to_binding(mb_parent, bindings, bindingkeyset);
    gc_assert_parent_validity((jl_value_t *)mb_parent, (jl_value_t *)mb_parent->parent);
    gc_try_claim_and_push(mq, (jl_value_t *)mb_parent->parent, &nptr);
    gc_assert_parent_validity((jl_value_t *)mb_parent, (jl_value_t *)mb_parent->usings_backedges);
    gc_try_claim_and_push(mq, (jl_value_t *)mb_parent->usings_backedges, &nptr);
    gc_heap_snapshot_record_binding_partition_edge((jl_value_t*)mb_parent, mb_parent->usings_backedges);
    gc_assert_parent_validity((jl_value_t *)mb_parent, (jl_value_t *)mb_parent->scanned_methods);
    gc_try_claim_and_push(mq, (jl_value_t *)mb_parent->scanned_methods, &nptr);
    gc_heap_snapshot_record_binding_partition_edge((jl_value_t*)mb_parent, mb_parent->scanned_methods);
    size_t nusings = module_usings_length(mb_parent);
    if (nusings > 0) {
        // this is only necessary because bindings for "using" modules
        // are added only when accessed. therefore if a module is replaced
        // after "using" it but before accessing it, this array might
        // contain the only reference.
        jl_value_t *obj_parent = (jl_value_t *)mb_parent;
        struct _jl_module_using *objary_begin = (struct _jl_module_using *)mb_parent->usings.items;
        struct _jl_module_using *objary_end = objary_begin + nusings;
        static_assert(sizeof(struct _jl_module_using) == 4*sizeof(void *), "Mismatch in _jl_module_using size");
        static_assert(offsetof(struct _jl_module_using, mod) == 0, "Expected `mod` at the beginning of _jl_module_using");
        gc_mark_objarray(ptls, obj_parent, (jl_value_t**)objary_begin, (jl_value_t**)objary_end, 4, nptr);
    }
    else {
        gc_mark_push_remset(ptls, (jl_value_t *)mb_parent, nptr);
    }
}

void gc_mark_finlist_(jl_gc_markqueue_t *mq, jl_value_t *fl_parent, jl_value_t **fl_begin, jl_value_t **fl_end) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    jl_value_t *new_obj;
    // Decide whether need to chunk finlist
    size_t nrefs = (fl_end - fl_begin);
    if (nrefs > GC_CHUNK_BATCH_SIZE) {
        jl_gc_chunk_t c = {GC_finlist_chunk, NULL, fl_begin + GC_CHUNK_BATCH_SIZE, fl_end, 0, 0, 0, 0};
        gc_chunkqueue_push(mq, &c);
        fl_end = fl_begin + GC_CHUNK_BATCH_SIZE;
    }
    size_t i = 0;
    for (; fl_begin < fl_end; fl_begin++) {
        jl_value_t **slot = fl_begin;
        new_obj = *slot;
        if (__unlikely(new_obj == NULL))
            continue;
        if (gc_ptr_tag(new_obj, 1)) {
            new_obj = (jl_value_t *)gc_ptr_clear_tag(new_obj, 1);
            fl_begin++;
            assert(fl_begin < fl_end);
        }
        if (gc_ptr_tag(new_obj, 2))
            continue;
        gc_try_claim_and_push(mq, new_obj, NULL);
        if (fl_parent != NULL) {
            gc_heap_snapshot_record_array_edge(fl_parent, slot);
        } else {
            // This is a list of objects following the same format as a finlist
            // if `fl_parent` is NULL
            gc_heap_snapshot_record_finlist(new_obj, ++i);
        }
    }
}

// Mark finalizer list (or list of objects following same format)
void gc_mark_finlist(jl_gc_markqueue_t *mq, arraylist_t *list, size_t start)
{
    size_t len = list->len;
    if (len <= start)
        return;
    jl_value_t **fl_begin = (jl_value_t **)list->items + start;
    jl_value_t **fl_end = (jl_value_t **)list->items + len;
    gc_mark_finlist_(mq, NULL, fl_begin, fl_end);
}

// Mark chunk of large array
STATIC_INLINE void gc_mark_chunk(jl_ptls_t ptls, jl_gc_markqueue_t *mq, jl_gc_chunk_t *c) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    switch (c->cid) {
        case GC_objary_chunk: {
            jl_value_t *obj_parent = c->parent;
            jl_value_t **obj_begin = c->begin;
            jl_value_t **obj_end = c->end;
            uint32_t step = c->step;
            uintptr_t nptr = c->nptr;
            gc_mark_objarray(ptls, obj_parent, obj_begin, obj_end,
                             step, nptr);
            break;
        }
        case GC_ary8_chunk: {
            jl_value_t *ary8_parent = c->parent;
            jl_value_t **ary8_begin = c->begin;
            jl_value_t **ary8_end = c->end;
            uint8_t *elem_begin = (uint8_t *)c->elem_begin;
            uint8_t *elem_end = (uint8_t *)c->elem_end;
            size_t elsize = c->step;
            uintptr_t nptr = c->nptr;
            gc_mark_memory8(ptls, ary8_parent, ary8_begin, ary8_end, elem_begin, elem_end,
                           elsize, nptr);
            break;
        }
        case GC_ary16_chunk: {
            jl_value_t *ary16_parent = c->parent;
            jl_value_t **ary16_begin = c->begin;
            jl_value_t **ary16_end = c->end;
            uint16_t *elem_begin = (uint16_t *)c->elem_begin;
            uint16_t *elem_end = (uint16_t *)c->elem_end;
            size_t elsize = c->step;
            uintptr_t nptr = c->nptr;
            gc_mark_memory16(ptls, ary16_parent, ary16_begin, ary16_end, elem_begin, elem_end,
                            elsize, nptr);
            break;
        }
        case GC_finlist_chunk: {
            jl_value_t *fl_parent = c->parent;
            jl_value_t **fl_begin = c->begin;
            jl_value_t **fl_end = c->end;
            gc_mark_finlist_(mq, fl_parent, fl_begin, fl_end);
            break;
        }
        default: {
            // `empty-chunk` should be checked by caller
            jl_safe_printf("GC internal error: unknown chunk type\n");
            abort();
        }
    }
}

JL_DLLEXPORT int jl_gc_mark_queue_obj(jl_ptls_t ptls, jl_value_t *obj)
{
    int may_claim = gc_try_setmark_tag(jl_astaggedvalue(obj), GC_MARKED);
    if (may_claim)
        gc_ptr_queue_push(&ptls->gc_tls.mark_queue, obj);
    return may_claim;
}

JL_DLLEXPORT void jl_gc_mark_queue_objarray(jl_ptls_t ptls, jl_value_t *parent,
                                            jl_value_t **objs, size_t nobjs)
{
    uintptr_t nptr = (nobjs << 2) | (jl_astaggedvalue(parent)->bits.gc & 2);
    gc_mark_objarray(ptls, parent, objs, objs + nobjs, 1, nptr);
}

// Enqueue and mark all outgoing references from `new_obj` which have not been marked yet.
// `_new_obj` has its lowest bit tagged if it's in the remset (in which case we shouldn't update page metadata)
FORCE_INLINE void gc_mark_outrefs(jl_ptls_t ptls, jl_gc_markqueue_t *mq, void *_new_obj) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    int remset_object = (uintptr_t)_new_obj & GC_REMSET_PTR_TAG;
    jl_value_t *new_obj = (jl_value_t *)((uintptr_t)_new_obj & ~(uintptr_t)GC_REMSET_PTR_TAG);
    mark_obj: {
        jl_taggedvalue_t *o = jl_astaggedvalue(new_obj);
        uintptr_t vtag = o->header & ~(uintptr_t)0xf;
        uint8_t bits = (gc_old(o->header) && !mark_reset_age) ? GC_OLD_MARKED : GC_MARKED;
        int update_meta = __likely(!remset_object && !gc_verifying);
        int foreign_alloc = 0;
        if (update_meta && o->bits.in_image) {
            foreign_alloc = 1;
            update_meta = 0;
        }
        // Symbols are always marked
        assert(vtag != (uintptr_t)jl_symbol_type && vtag != jl_symbol_tag << 4);
        if (vtag == (jl_datatype_tag << 4) ||
            vtag == (jl_unionall_tag << 4) ||
            vtag == (jl_uniontype_tag << 4) ||
            vtag == (jl_typeeq_tag << 4) ||
            vtag == (jl_tvar_tag << 4) ||
            vtag == (jl_vararg_tag << 4) ||
            vtag == (jl_globalref_tag << 4) ||
            vtag == (jl_gotoifnot_tag << 4) ||
            vtag == (jl_returnnode_tag << 4) ||
            vtag == (jl_enternode_tag << 4) ||
            vtag == (jl_pinode_tag << 4) ||
            vtag == (jl_phinode_tag << 4) ||
            vtag == (jl_phicnode_tag << 4) ||
            vtag == (jl_upsilonnode_tag << 4) ||
            vtag == (jl_quotenode_tag << 4)) {
            // these objects have pointers in them, but no other special handling
            // so we want these to fall through to the end
            vtag = (uintptr_t)ijl_small_typeof[vtag / sizeof(*ijl_small_typeof)];
        }
        else if (vtag < jl_max_tags << 4) {
            // these objects either have specialing handling
            if (vtag == jl_simplevector_tag << 4) {
                size_t l = jl_svec_len(new_obj);
                jl_value_t **data = jl_svec_data(new_obj);
                size_t dtsz = l * sizeof(void *) + sizeof(jl_svec_t);
                if (update_meta)
                    gc_setmark(ptls, o, bits, dtsz);
                jl_value_t *objary_parent = new_obj;
                jl_value_t **objary_begin = data;
                jl_value_t **objary_end = data + l;
                uint32_t step = 1;
                uintptr_t nptr = (l << 2) | (bits & GC_OLD);
                gc_mark_objarray(ptls, objary_parent, objary_begin, objary_end, step, nptr);
            }
            else if (vtag == jl_module_tag << 4) {
                if (update_meta)
                    gc_setmark(ptls, o, bits, sizeof(jl_module_t));
                jl_module_t *mb_parent = (jl_module_t *)new_obj;
                uintptr_t nptr = ((module_usings_length(mb_parent) + 1) << 2) | (bits & GC_OLD);
                gc_mark_module_binding(ptls, mb_parent, nptr, bits);
            }
            else if (vtag == jl_task_tag << 4) {
                if (update_meta)
                    gc_setmark(ptls, o, bits, sizeof(jl_task_t));
                jl_task_t *ta = (jl_task_t *)new_obj;
                gc_scrub_record_task(ta);
                if (gc_cblist_task_scanner) {
                    int16_t tid = jl_atomic_load_relaxed(&ta->tid);
                    gc_invoke_callbacks(jl_gc_cb_task_scanner_t, gc_cblist_task_scanner,
                                        (ta, tid != -1 && ta == gc_all_tls_states[tid]->root_task));
                }
        #ifdef COPY_STACKS
                void *stkbuf = ta->ctx.stkbuf;
                if (stkbuf && ta->ctx.copy_stack) {
                    gc_setmark_buf_(ptls, stkbuf, bits, ta->ctx.bufsz);
                    // For gc_heap_snapshot_record:
                    // TODO: attribute size of stack
                    // TODO: edge to stack data
                    // TODO: synthetic node for stack data (how big is it?)
                }
        #endif
                jl_gcframe_t *s = ta->gcstack;
                size_t nroots;
                uintptr_t offset = 0;
                uintptr_t lb = 0;
                uintptr_t ub = (uintptr_t)-1;
        #ifdef COPY_STACKS
                if (stkbuf && ta->ctx.copy_stack && !ta->ptls) {
                    int16_t tid = jl_atomic_load_relaxed(&ta->tid);
                    assert(tid >= 0);
                    jl_ptls_t ptls2 = gc_all_tls_states[tid];
                    ub = (uintptr_t)ptls2->stackbase;
                    lb = ub - ta->ctx.copy_stack;
                    offset = (uintptr_t)stkbuf - lb;
                }
        #endif
                if (s != NULL) {
                    nroots = gc_read_stack(&s->nroots, offset, lb, ub);
                    gc_heap_snapshot_record_task_to_frame_edge(ta, s);
                    assert(nroots <= UINT32_MAX);
                    gc_mark_stack(ptls, s, (uint32_t)nroots, offset, lb, ub);
                }
                if (ta->excstack) {
                    jl_excstack_t *excstack = ta->excstack;
                    gc_heap_snapshot_record_task_to_frame_edge(ta, excstack);
                    size_t itr = ta->excstack->top;
                    gc_setmark_buf_(ptls, excstack, bits,
                                    sizeof(jl_excstack_t) +
                                        sizeof(uintptr_t) * excstack->reserved_size);
                    gc_mark_excstack(ptls, excstack, itr);
                }
                const jl_datatype_layout_t *layout = jl_task_type->layout;
                assert(layout->flags.fielddesc_type == JL_FIELDDESC_8);
                assert(layout->nfields > 0);
                uint32_t npointers = layout->npointers;
                char *obj8_parent = (char *)ta;
                uint8_t *obj8_begin = (uint8_t *)jl_dt_layout_ptrs(layout);
                uint8_t *obj8_end = obj8_begin + npointers;
                // assume tasks always reference young objects: set lowest bit
                uintptr_t nptr = (npointers << 2) | 1 | bits;
                new_obj = gc_mark_obj8(ptls, obj8_parent, obj8_begin, obj8_end, nptr);
                if (new_obj != NULL) {
                    if (!remset_object)
                        goto mark_obj;
                    else
                        gc_ptr_queue_push(mq, new_obj);
                }
            }
            else if (vtag == jl_string_tag << 4) {
                size_t dtsz = jl_string_len(new_obj) + sizeof(size_t) + 1;
                if (update_meta)
                    gc_setmark(ptls, o, bits, dtsz);
            }
            else {
                jl_datatype_t *vt = ijl_small_typeof[vtag / sizeof(*ijl_small_typeof)];
                size_t dtsz = jl_datatype_size(vt);
                if (update_meta)
                    gc_setmark(ptls, o, bits, dtsz);
            }
            return;
        }
        else {
            jl_datatype_t *vt = (jl_datatype_t *)vtag;
            if (__unlikely(!jl_is_datatype(vt) || vt->smalltag))
                gc_dump_queue_and_abort(ptls, vt);
        }
        jl_datatype_t *vt = (jl_datatype_t *)vtag;
        if (vt->name == jl_genericmemory_typename) {
            jl_genericmemory_t *m = (jl_genericmemory_t*)new_obj;
            int pooled = 1; // The jl_genericmemory_t itself is always pooled-size, even with data attached to it
            if (update_meta) {
                if (pooled)
                    gc_setmark_pool(ptls, o, bits);
                else
                    gc_setmark_big(ptls, o, bits);
            }
            int how = jl_genericmemory_how(m);
            if (how == JL_GENERICMEMORY_MALLOCD) {
                gc_heap_snapshot_record_foreign_memory_edge(
                    new_obj, m->ptr, jl_genericmemory_nbytes(m));
            }
            else if (how == JL_GENERICMEMORY_GCMANAGED) {
                if (update_meta || foreign_alloc) {
                    size_t nb = jl_genericmemory_nbytes(m);
                    if (bits == GC_OLD_MARKED) {
                        ptls->gc_tls.gc_cache.perm_scanned_bytes += nb;
                    }
                    else {
                        ptls->gc_tls.gc_cache.scanned_bytes += nb;
                    }
                }
            }
            else if (how == JL_GENERICMEMORY_STRINGOWNED) {
                jl_value_t *owner = jl_genericmemory_data_owner_field(m);
                uintptr_t nptr = (1 << 2) | (bits & GC_OLD);
                gc_try_claim_and_push(mq, owner, &nptr);
                gc_heap_snapshot_record_internal_array_edge(new_obj, owner);
                gc_mark_push_remset(ptls, new_obj, nptr);
                return;
            }
            if (m->length == 0)
                return;
            const jl_datatype_layout_t *layout = vt->layout;
            if (layout->flags.arrayelem_isboxed) {
                if ((jl_datatype_t*)jl_tparam1(vt) == jl_symbol_type)
                    return;
                jl_value_t *objary_parent = new_obj;
                jl_value_t **objary_begin = (jl_value_t **)m->ptr;
                jl_value_t **objary_end = objary_begin + m->length;
                uint32_t step = 1;
                uintptr_t nptr = (m->length << 2) | (bits & GC_OLD);
                gc_mark_objarray(ptls, objary_parent, objary_begin, objary_end, step, nptr);
            }
            else if (layout->first_ptr >= 0) {
                const jl_datatype_layout_t *layout = vt->layout;
                unsigned npointers = layout->npointers;
                unsigned elsize = layout->size / sizeof(jl_value_t*);
                size_t l = m->length;
                jl_value_t *objary_parent = new_obj;
                jl_value_t **objary_begin = (jl_value_t**)m->ptr;
                jl_value_t **objary_end = objary_begin + l * elsize;
                uint32_t step = elsize;
                uintptr_t nptr = ((l * npointers) << 2) | (bits & GC_OLD);
                if (npointers == 1) { // TODO: detect anytime time stride is uniform?
                    objary_begin += layout->first_ptr;
                    gc_mark_objarray(ptls, objary_parent, objary_begin, objary_end, step, nptr);
                }
                else if (layout->flags.fielddesc_type == JL_FIELDDESC_8) {
                    uint8_t *obj8_begin = (uint8_t*)jl_dt_layout_ptrs(layout);
                    uint8_t *obj8_end = obj8_begin + npointers;
                    gc_mark_memory8(ptls, objary_parent, objary_begin, objary_end, obj8_begin, obj8_end,
                                   elsize, nptr);
                }
                else if (layout->flags.fielddesc_type == JL_FIELDDESC_16) {
                    uint16_t *obj16_begin = (uint16_t*)jl_dt_layout_ptrs(layout);
                    uint16_t *obj16_end = obj16_begin + npointers;
                    gc_mark_memory16(ptls, objary_parent, objary_begin, objary_end, obj16_begin, obj16_end,
                                    elsize, nptr);
                }
                else {
                    assert(layout->flags.fielddesc_type != JL_FIELDDESC_FOREIGN);
                    // Inline array scanning does not implement 32-bit or foreign descriptors.
                    assert(0 && "unimplemented");
                }
            }
            return;
        }
        size_t dtsz = jl_datatype_size(vt);
        if (update_meta)
            gc_setmark(ptls, o, bits, dtsz);
        if (vt == jl_weakref_type)
            return;
        const jl_datatype_layout_t *layout = vt->layout;
        uint32_t npointers = layout->npointers;
        if (npointers == 0)
            return;
        uintptr_t nptr = (npointers << 2 | (bits & GC_OLD));
        assert((layout->nfields > 0 || layout->flags.fielddesc_type == JL_FIELDDESC_FOREIGN) &&
               "opaque types should have been handled specially");
        if (layout->flags.fielddesc_type == JL_FIELDDESC_8) {
            char *obj8_parent = (char *)new_obj;
            uint8_t *obj8_begin = (uint8_t *)jl_dt_layout_ptrs(layout);
            uint8_t *obj8_end = obj8_begin + npointers;
            assert(obj8_begin < obj8_end);
            new_obj = gc_mark_obj8(ptls, obj8_parent, obj8_begin, obj8_end, nptr);
            if (new_obj != NULL) {
                if (!remset_object)
                    goto mark_obj;
                else
                    gc_ptr_queue_push(mq, new_obj);
            }
        }
        else if (layout->flags.fielddesc_type == JL_FIELDDESC_16) {
            char *obj16_parent = (char *)new_obj;
            uint16_t *obj16_begin = (uint16_t *)jl_dt_layout_ptrs(layout);
            uint16_t *obj16_end = obj16_begin + npointers;
            assert(obj16_begin < obj16_end);
            new_obj = gc_mark_obj16(ptls, obj16_parent, obj16_begin, obj16_end, nptr);
            if (new_obj != NULL) {
                if (!remset_object)
                    goto mark_obj;
                else
                    gc_ptr_queue_push(mq, new_obj);
            }
        }
        else if (layout->flags.fielddesc_type == JL_FIELDDESC_32) {
            // This is very uncommon
            // Do not do store to load forwarding to save some code size
            char *obj32_parent = (char *)new_obj;
            uint32_t *obj32_begin = (uint32_t *)jl_dt_layout_ptrs(layout);
            uint32_t *obj32_end = obj32_begin + npointers;
            assert(obj32_begin < obj32_end);
            new_obj = gc_mark_obj32(ptls, obj32_parent, obj32_begin, obj32_end, nptr);
            if (new_obj != NULL) {
                if (!remset_object)
                    goto mark_obj;
                else
                    gc_ptr_queue_push(mq, new_obj);
            }
        }
        else {
            assert(layout->flags.fielddesc_type == JL_FIELDDESC_FOREIGN);
            jl_fielddescdyn_t *desc = (jl_fielddescdyn_t *)jl_dt_layout_fields(layout);
            int old = jl_astaggedvalue(new_obj)->bits.gc & 2;
            uintptr_t young = desc->markfunc(ptls, new_obj);
            if (old && young)
                gc_mark_push_remset(ptls, new_obj, young * 4 + 3);
        }
    }
}

void gc_collect_neighbors(jl_ptls_t ptls, jl_gc_markqueue_t *mq) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    while (1) {
        void *new_obj = (void *)gc_ptr_queue_pop(&ptls->gc_tls.mark_queue);
        // No more objects to mark
        if (__unlikely(new_obj == NULL)) {
            return;
        }
        gc_mark_outrefs(ptls, mq, new_obj);
    }
}

void gc_mark_and_steal(jl_ptls_t ptls) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    jl_gc_markqueue_t *mq = &ptls->gc_tls.mark_queue;
    jl_gc_markqueue_t *mq_initiator = mq;
    int initiator_tid = jl_atomic_load(&gc_initiator_tid);
    if (initiator_tid != -1) {
        mq_initiator = &gc_all_tls_states[initiator_tid]->gc_tls.mark_queue;
    }
    void *new_obj;
    jl_gc_chunk_t c;
    pop : {
        new_obj = gc_ptr_queue_pop(mq);
        if (new_obj != NULL) {
            goto mark;
        }
        c = gc_chunkqueue_pop(mq);
        if (c.cid != GC_empty_chunk) {
            gc_mark_chunk(ptls, mq, &c);
            goto pop;
        }
        goto steal;
    }
    mark : {
        gc_mark_outrefs(ptls, mq, new_obj);
        goto pop;
    }
    // Note that for the stealing heuristics, we try to
    // steal chunks much more aggressively than pointers,
    // since we know chunks will likely expand into a lot
    // of work for the mark loop
    steal : {
        int first = gc_first_parallel_collector_thread_id();
        int last = gc_last_parallel_collector_thread_id();
        // Try to steal chunk from random GC thread
        for (int i = 0; i < 4 * jl_n_markthreads; i++) {
            int v = gc_random_parallel_collector_thread_id(ptls);
            jl_ptls_t ptls2 = gc_all_tls_states[v];
            gc_check_ptls_of_parallel_collector_thread(ptls2);
            jl_gc_markqueue_t *mq2 = &ptls2->gc_tls.mark_queue;
            c = gc_chunkqueue_steal_from(mq2);
            if (c.cid != GC_empty_chunk) {
                gc_mark_chunk(ptls, mq, &c);
                goto pop;
            }
        }
        // Sequentially walk GC threads to try to steal chunk
        for (int i = first; i <= last; i++) {
            jl_ptls_t ptls2 = gc_all_tls_states[i];
            gc_check_ptls_of_parallel_collector_thread(ptls2);
            jl_gc_markqueue_t *mq2 = &ptls2->gc_tls.mark_queue;
            c = gc_chunkqueue_steal_from(mq2);
            if (c.cid != GC_empty_chunk) {
                gc_mark_chunk(ptls, mq, &c);
                goto pop;
            }
        }
        // Try to steal chunk from initiator thread
        c = gc_chunkqueue_steal_from(mq_initiator);
        if (c.cid != GC_empty_chunk) {
            gc_mark_chunk(ptls, mq, &c);
            goto pop;
        }
        // Try to steal pointer from random GC thread
        for (int i = 0; i < 4 * jl_n_markthreads; i++) {
            int v = gc_random_parallel_collector_thread_id(ptls);
            jl_ptls_t ptls2 = gc_all_tls_states[v];
            gc_check_ptls_of_parallel_collector_thread(ptls2);
            jl_gc_markqueue_t *mq2 = &ptls2->gc_tls.mark_queue;
            new_obj = gc_ptr_queue_steal_from(mq2);
            if (new_obj != NULL)
                goto mark;
        }
        // Sequentially walk GC threads to try to steal pointer
        for (int i = first; i <= last; i++) {
            jl_ptls_t ptls2 = gc_all_tls_states[i];
            gc_check_ptls_of_parallel_collector_thread(ptls2);
            jl_gc_markqueue_t *mq2 = &ptls2->gc_tls.mark_queue;
            new_obj = gc_ptr_queue_steal_from(mq2);
            if (new_obj != NULL)
                goto mark;
        }
        // Try to steal pointer from initiator thread
        new_obj = gc_ptr_queue_steal_from(mq_initiator);
        if (new_obj != NULL)
            goto mark;
    }
}

size_t gc_count_work_in_queue(jl_ptls_t ptls) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    assert(ptls != NULL);
    // assume each chunk is worth 256 units of work and each pointer
    // is worth 1 unit of work
    size_t work = 256 * (jl_atomic_load_relaxed(&ptls->gc_tls.mark_queue.chunk_queue.bottom) -
        jl_atomic_load_relaxed(&ptls->gc_tls.mark_queue.chunk_queue.top));
    work += (jl_atomic_load_relaxed(&ptls->gc_tls.mark_queue.ptr_queue.bottom) -
        jl_atomic_load_relaxed(&ptls->gc_tls.mark_queue.ptr_queue.top));
    return work;
}

/**
 * Correctness argument for the mark-loop termination protocol.
 *
 * Safety properties:
 * - No work items shall be in any thread's queues when `gc_should_mark` observes
 * that `gc_n_threads_marking` is zero.
 *
 * - No work item shall be stolen from the initiator thread (i.e. mutator thread which started
 * GC and which helped the `jl_n_markthreads` - 1 threads to mark) after
 * `gc_should_mark` observes that `gc_n_threads_marking` is zero. This property is
 * necessary because we call `gc_mark_loop_serial` after marking the finalizer list in
 * `_jl_gc_collect`, and want to ensure that we have the serial mark-loop semantics there,
 * and that no work is stolen from us at that point.
 *
 * Proof:
 * - If a thread observes that `gc_n_threads_marking` is zero inside `gc_should_mark`, that
 * means that no thread has work on their queue, this is guaranteed because a thread may only exit
 * `gc_mark_and_steal` when its own queue is empty, this information is synchronized by the
 * seq-cst fetch_add to a thread that is in `gc_should_mark`. `gc_queue_observer_lock`
 * guarantees that once `gc_n_threads_marking` reaches zero, no thread will increment it again,
 * because incrementing is only legal from inside the lock. Therefore, no thread will reenter
 * the mark-loop after `gc_n_threads_marking` reaches zero.
 */

int gc_should_mark(void) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    int should_mark = 0;
    uv_mutex_lock(&gc_queue_observer_lock);
    while (1) {
        int n_threads_marking = jl_atomic_load(&gc_n_threads_marking);
        if (n_threads_marking == 0) {
            break;
        }
        int tid = jl_atomic_load_relaxed(&gc_initiator_tid);
        assert(tid != -1);
        assert(gc_all_tls_states != NULL);
        size_t work = gc_count_work_in_queue(gc_all_tls_states[tid]);
        int first = gc_first_parallel_collector_thread_id();
        int last = gc_last_parallel_collector_thread_id();
        for (int i = first; i <= last; i++) {
            jl_ptls_t ptls2 = gc_all_tls_states[i];
            gc_check_ptls_of_parallel_collector_thread(ptls2);
            work += gc_count_work_in_queue(ptls2);
        }
        // if there is a lot of work left, enter the mark loop
        if (work >= 16 * n_threads_marking) {
            jl_atomic_fetch_add(&gc_n_threads_marking, 1); // A possibility would be to allow a thread that found lots
                                                           // of work to increment this
            should_mark = 1;
            break;
        }
        jl_cpu_pause();
    }
    uv_mutex_unlock(&gc_queue_observer_lock);
    return should_mark;
}

void gc_wake_all_for_marking(jl_ptls_t ptls) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    uv_mutex_lock(&gc_threads_lock);
    uv_cond_broadcast(&gc_threads_cond);
    uv_mutex_unlock(&gc_threads_lock);
}

void gc_mark_loop(jl_ptls_t ptls, int mark_loop_initiator) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    if (mark_loop_initiator) {
        jl_atomic_store(&gc_initiator_tid, ptls->tid);
        jl_atomic_fetch_add(&gc_n_threads_marking, 1);
        gc_wake_all_for_marking(ptls);
        gc_mark_and_steal(ptls);
        jl_atomic_fetch_add(&gc_n_threads_marking, -1);
    }
    while (1) {
        int should_mark = gc_should_mark();
        if (!should_mark) {
            break;
        }
        gc_mark_and_steal(ptls);
        jl_atomic_fetch_add(&gc_n_threads_marking, -1);
    }
}

void gc_mark_loop_barrier(void) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    assert(jl_atomic_load_relaxed(&gc_n_threads_marking) == 0);
    jl_atomic_store_relaxed(&gc_initiator_tid, -1);
}

void gc_mark_clean_reclaim_sets(void) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    // Clean up `reclaim-sets`
    for (int i = 0; i < gc_n_threads; i++) {
        jl_ptls_t ptls2 = gc_all_tls_states[i];
        if (ptls2 == NULL) {
            continue;
        }
        arraylist_t *reclaim_set2 = &ptls2->gc_tls.mark_queue.reclaim_set;
        ws_array_t *a = NULL;
        while ((a = (ws_array_t *)arraylist_pop(reclaim_set2)) != NULL) {
            free(a->buffer);
            free(a);
        }
    }
    // Reset queue indices
    for (int i = 0; i < gc_n_threads; i++) {
        jl_ptls_t ptls2 = gc_all_tls_states[i];
        if (ptls2 == NULL) {
            continue;
        }
        jl_atomic_store_relaxed(&ptls2->gc_tls.mark_queue.ptr_queue.bottom, 0);
        jl_atomic_store_relaxed(&ptls2->gc_tls.mark_queue.ptr_queue.top, 0);
        jl_atomic_store_relaxed(&ptls2->gc_tls.mark_queue.chunk_queue.bottom, 0);
        jl_atomic_store_relaxed(&ptls2->gc_tls.mark_queue.chunk_queue.top, 0);
    }
}

static void gc_queue_thread_local(jl_gc_markqueue_t *mq, jl_ptls_t ptls2) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    jl_task_t *task;
    task = ptls2->root_task;
    if (task != NULL) {
        gc_try_claim_and_push(mq, task, NULL);
        gc_heap_snapshot_record_root((jl_value_t*)task, "root task");
    }
    task = jl_atomic_load_relaxed(&ptls2->current_task);
    if (task != NULL) {
        gc_try_claim_and_push(mq, task, NULL);
        gc_heap_snapshot_record_root((jl_value_t*)task, "current task");
    }
    task = ptls2->next_task;
    if (task != NULL) {
        gc_try_claim_and_push(mq, task, NULL);
        gc_heap_snapshot_record_root((jl_value_t*)task, "next task");
    }
    task = ptls2->previous_task;
    if (task != NULL) {
        gc_try_claim_and_push(mq, task, NULL);
        gc_heap_snapshot_record_root((jl_value_t*)task, "previous task");
    }
    if (ptls2->previous_exception) {
        gc_try_claim_and_push(mq, ptls2->previous_exception, NULL);
        gc_heap_snapshot_record_root((jl_value_t*)ptls2->previous_exception, "previous exception");
    }
}

static void gc_queue_bt_buf(jl_gc_markqueue_t *mq, jl_ptls_t ptls2) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    jl_bt_element_t *bt_data = ptls2->bt_data;
    size_t bt_size = ptls2->bt_size;
    for (size_t i = 0; i < bt_size; i += jl_bt_entry_size(bt_data + i)) {
        jl_bt_element_t *bt_entry = bt_data + i;
        if (jl_bt_is_native(bt_entry))
            continue;
        size_t njlvals = jl_bt_num_jlvals(bt_entry);
        for (size_t j = 0; j < njlvals; j++)
            gc_try_claim_and_push(mq, jl_bt_entry_jlvalue(bt_entry, j), NULL);
    }
}

static void gc_queue_remset(jl_gc_markqueue_t *mq, jl_ptls_t ptls2) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    void **items = ptls2->gc_tls.heap.remset.items;
    size_t len = ptls2->gc_tls.heap.remset.len;
    for (size_t i = 0; i < len; i++) {
        void *_v = items[i];
        jl_astaggedvalue(_v)->bits.gc = GC_OLD_MARKED;
        jl_value_t *v = (jl_value_t *)((uintptr_t)_v | GC_REMSET_PTR_TAG);
        gc_ptr_queue_push(mq, v);
    }
    // Don't forget to clear the remset
    ptls2->gc_tls.heap.remset.len = 0;
    ptls2->gc_tls.heap.remset_nptr = 0;
}

static void gc_queue_image_remset(jl_gc_markqueue_t *mq) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    size_t len = image_remset.len;
    void **items = image_remset.items;
    for (size_t i = 0; i < len; i++) {
        void *_v = items[i];
        jl_value_t *v = (jl_value_t *)((uintptr_t)_v | GC_REMSET_PTR_TAG);
        gc_ptr_queue_push(mq, v);
    }
}

static void gc_check_all_remsets_are_empty(void) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    for (int i = 0; i < gc_n_threads; i++) {
        jl_ptls_t ptls2 = gc_all_tls_states[i];
        if (ptls2 != NULL) {
            assert(ptls2->gc_tls.heap.remset.len == 0);
            assert(ptls2->gc_tls.heap.remset_nptr == 0);
        }
    }
}

extern jl_value_t *cmpswap_names JL_GLOBALLY_ROOTED;
extern jl_task_t *wait_empty JL_GLOBALLY_ROOTED;

// mark the initial root set
static void gc_mark_roots(jl_gc_markqueue_t *mq) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    // modules
    gc_try_claim_and_push(mq, jl_main_module, NULL);
    gc_heap_snapshot_record_gc_roots((jl_value_t*)jl_main_module, "main_module");
    // invisible builtin values
    gc_try_claim_and_push(mq, jl_method_table, NULL);
    gc_heap_snapshot_record_gc_roots((jl_value_t*)jl_method_table, "global_method_table");
    gc_try_claim_and_push(mq, jl_an_empty_vec_any, NULL);
    gc_heap_snapshot_record_gc_roots((jl_value_t*)jl_an_empty_vec_any, "an_empty_vec_any");
    gc_try_claim_and_push(mq, jl_module_init_order, NULL);
    gc_heap_snapshot_record_gc_roots((jl_value_t*)jl_module_init_order, "module_init_order");
    for (size_t i = 0; i < jl_current_modules.size; i += 2) {
        if (jl_current_modules.table[i + 1] != HT_NOTFOUND) {
            gc_try_claim_and_push(mq, jl_current_modules.table[i], NULL);
            gc_heap_snapshot_record_gc_roots((jl_value_t*)jl_current_modules.table[i], "top level module");
        }
    }
    gc_try_claim_and_push(mq, jl_anytuple_type_type, NULL);
    gc_heap_snapshot_record_gc_roots((jl_value_t*)jl_anytuple_type_type, "anytuple_type_type");
    for (size_t i = 0; i < N_CALL_CACHE; i++) {
        jl_typemap_entry_t *v = jl_atomic_load_relaxed(&call_cache[i]);
        gc_try_claim_and_push(mq, v, NULL);
        gc_heap_snapshot_record_array_edge_index((jl_value_t*)jl_anytuple_type_type, (jl_value_t*)v, i);
    }
    gc_try_claim_and_push(mq, _jl_debug_method_invalidation, NULL);
    gc_heap_snapshot_record_gc_roots((jl_value_t*)_jl_debug_method_invalidation, "debug_method_invalidation");
    // constants
    gc_try_claim_and_push(mq, jl_emptytuple_type, NULL);
    gc_heap_snapshot_record_gc_roots((jl_value_t*)jl_emptytuple_type, "emptytuple_type");
    gc_try_claim_and_push(mq, cmpswap_names, NULL);
    gc_heap_snapshot_record_gc_roots((jl_value_t*)cmpswap_names, "cmpswap_names");
    gc_try_claim_and_push(mq, jl_global_roots_list, NULL);
    gc_heap_snapshot_record_gc_roots((jl_value_t*)jl_global_roots_list, "global_roots_list");
    gc_try_claim_and_push(mq, jl_global_roots_keyset, NULL);
    gc_heap_snapshot_record_gc_roots((jl_value_t*)jl_global_roots_keyset, "global_roots_keyset");
    gc_try_claim_and_push(mq, precompile_field_replace, NULL);
    gc_heap_snapshot_record_gc_roots((jl_value_t*)precompile_field_replace, "precompile_field_replace");
}

// find unmarked objects that need to be finalized from the finalizer list "list".
// this must happen last in the mark phase.
static void sweep_finalizer_list(arraylist_t *list) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    void **items = list->items;
    size_t len = list->len;
    size_t j = 0;
    for (size_t i=0; i < len; i+=2) {
        void *v0 = items[i];
        void *v = gc_ptr_clear_tag(v0, 3);
        if (__unlikely(!v0)) {
            // remove from this list
            continue;
        }

        void *fin = items[i+1];
        int isfreed;
        int isold;
        if (gc_ptr_tag(v0, 2)) {
            isfreed = 1;
            isold = 0;
        }
        else {
            isfreed = !gc_marked(jl_astaggedvalue(v)->bits.gc);
            isold = (list != &finalizer_list_marked &&
                     jl_astaggedvalue(v)->bits.gc == GC_OLD_MARKED &&
                     jl_astaggedvalue(fin)->bits.gc == GC_OLD_MARKED);
        }
        if (isfreed || isold) {
            // remove from this list
        }
        else {
            if (j < i) {
                items[j] = items[i];
                items[j+1] = items[i+1];
            }
            j += 2;
        }
        if (isfreed) {
            schedule_finalization(v0, fin);
        }
        if (isold) {
            // The caller relies on the new objects to be pushed to the end of
            // the list!!
            arraylist_push(&finalizer_list_marked, v0);
            arraylist_push(&finalizer_list_marked, fin);
        }
    }
    list->len = j;
}

int gc_is_collector_thread(int tid) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT {
    return gc_is_parallel_collector_thread(tid) || gc_is_concurrent_collector_thread(tid);
}

JL_DLLEXPORT void jl_gc_get_total_bytes(int64_t *bytes) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    jl_gc_num_t num = gc_num;
    combine_thread_gc_counts(&num, 0);
    // Sync this logic with `base/util.jl:GC_Diff`
    *bytes = (num.total_allocd + num.deferred_alloc + num.allocd);
}

JL_DLLEXPORT jl_gc_num_t jl_gc_num(void)
{
    jl_gc_num_t num = gc_num;
    combine_thread_gc_counts(&num, 0);
    JL_LOCK_NOGC(&image_remset_lock);
    num.image_remset_size = image_remset.len;
    JL_UNLOCK_NOGC(&image_remset_lock);
    return num;
}

// TODO: these were supposed to be thread local
JL_DLLEXPORT int64_t jl_gc_diff_total_bytes(void) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    int64_t oldtb = last_gc_total_bytes;
    int64_t newtb;
    jl_gc_get_total_bytes(&newtb);
    last_gc_total_bytes = newtb;
    return newtb - oldtb;
}

JL_DLLEXPORT int64_t jl_gc_sync_total_bytes(int64_t offset) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    int64_t oldtb = last_gc_total_bytes;
    int64_t newtb;
    jl_gc_get_total_bytes(&newtb);
    last_gc_total_bytes = newtb - offset;
    return newtb - oldtb;
}

JL_DLLEXPORT int64_t jl_gc_pool_live_bytes(void)
{
    int n_threads = jl_atomic_load_acquire(&jl_n_threads);
    jl_ptls_t *all_tls_states = jl_atomic_load_relaxed(&jl_all_tls_states);
    int64_t pool_live_bytes = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < n_threads; i++) {
        jl_ptls_t ptls2 = all_tls_states[i];
        if (ptls2 != NULL) {
            pool_live_bytes += jl_atomic_load_relaxed(&ptls2->gc_tls_common.gc_num.pool_live_bytes);
        }
    }
    return pool_live_bytes;
}

JL_DLLEXPORT int64_t jl_gc_live_bytes(void)
{
    return live_bytes;
}

uint64_t jl_gc_smooth(uint64_t old_val, uint64_t new_val, double factor) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    double est = factor * old_val + (1 - factor) * new_val;
    if (est <= 1)
        return 1; // avoid issues with <= 0
    if (est > (uint64_t)2<<36)
        return (uint64_t)2<<36; // avoid overflow
    return est;
}

// an overallocation curve inspired by array allocations
// grows very fast initially, then much slower at large heaps
static uint64_t overallocation(uint64_t old_val, uint64_t val, uint64_t max_val) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    // compute maxsize = maxsize + 4*maxsize^(7/8) + maxsize/8
    // for small n, we grow much faster than O(n)
    // for large n, we grow at O(n/8)
    // and as we reach O(memory) for memory>>1MB,
    // this means we end by adding about 10% of memory each time at most
    int exp2 = sizeof(old_val) * 8 -
#ifdef _P64
        __builtin_clzll(old_val);
#else
        __builtin_clz(old_val);
#endif
    uint64_t inc = (uint64_t)((size_t)1 << (exp2 * 7 / 8)) * 4 + old_val / 8;
    // once overallocation would exceed max_val, grow by no more than 5% of max_val
    if (inc + val > max_val)
        if (inc > max_val / 20)
            return max_val / 20;
    return inc;
}

size_t jl_maxrss(void);

void _report_gc_finished(uint64_t pause, uint64_t freed, int full, int recollect, int64_t live_bytes) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT {
    if (!gc_logging_enabled) {
        return;
    }
    jl_safe_printf("\nGC: pause %.2fms. collected %fMB. %s %s\n",
        pause/1e6, freed/(double)(1<<20),
        full ? "full" : "incr",
        recollect ? "recollect" : ""
    );

    jl_safe_printf("Heap stats: bytes_mapped %.2f MB, bytes_resident %.2f MB,\nheap_size %.2f MB, heap_target %.2f MB, Fragmentation %.3f\n",
        jl_atomic_load_relaxed(&gc_heap_stats.bytes_mapped)/(double)(1<<20),
        jl_atomic_load_relaxed(&gc_heap_stats.bytes_resident)/(double)(1<<20),
        // live_bytes/(double)(1<<20), live bytes tracking is not accurate.
        jl_atomic_load_relaxed(&gc_heap_stats.heap_size)/(double)(1<<20),
        jl_atomic_load_relaxed(&gc_heap_stats.heap_target)/(double)(1<<20),
        (double)live_bytes/(double)jl_atomic_load_relaxed(&gc_heap_stats.heap_size)
    );
    // Should fragmentation use bytes_resident instead of heap_size?
}

// Only one thread should be running in this function
static int _jl_gc_collect(jl_ptls_t ptls, jl_gc_collection_t collection) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    combine_thread_gc_counts(&gc_num, 1);

    // We separate the update of the graph from the update of live_bytes here
    // so that the sweep shows a downward trend in memory usage.
    jl_timing_counter_inc(JL_TIMING_COUNTER_HeapSize, gc_num.allocd);

    jl_gc_markqueue_t *mq = &ptls->gc_tls.mark_queue;

    uint64_t gc_start_time = jl_hrtime();
    uint64_t mutator_time = gc_end_time == 0 ? old_mut_time : gc_start_time - gc_end_time;
    uint64_t before_free_heap_size = jl_atomic_load_relaxed(&gc_heap_stats.heap_size);
    uint64_t start_mark_time = jl_hrtime();
    JL_PROBE_GC_MARK_BEGIN();
    {
        JL_TIMING(GC, GC_Mark);
        assert(gc_n_threads != 0);
        int single_threaded_mark = (jl_n_markthreads == 0 || gc_heap_snapshot_enabled);
        for (int t_i = 0; t_i < gc_n_threads; t_i++) {
            jl_ptls_t ptls2 = gc_all_tls_states[t_i];
            jl_ptls_t ptls_dest = ptls;
            jl_gc_markqueue_t *mq_dest = mq;
            if (!single_threaded_mark) {
                int dest_tid = gc_ith_parallel_collector_thread_id(t_i % jl_n_markthreads);
                ptls_dest = gc_all_tls_states[dest_tid];
                mq_dest = &ptls_dest->gc_tls.mark_queue;
            }
            if (ptls2 != NULL) {
                // 1.1. mark every thread local root
                gc_queue_thread_local(mq_dest, ptls2);
                // 1.2. mark any managed objects in the backtrace buffer
                // TODO: treat these as roots for gc_heap_snapshot_record
                gc_queue_bt_buf(mq_dest, ptls2);
                // 1.3. mark every object in the remset
                gc_queue_remset(mq_dest, ptls2);
            }
        }
        gc_check_all_remsets_are_empty();
        // 1.4. in a full sweep, enqueue image remset
        // (image objects are a third, "permanent" GC generation)
        if (prev_sweep_full)
            gc_queue_image_remset(mq);

        // 2. walk roots
        gc_mark_roots(mq);
        if (gc_cblist_root_scanner) {
            gc_invoke_callbacks(jl_gc_cb_root_scanner_t,
                gc_cblist_root_scanner, (collection));
        }

        if (single_threaded_mark) {
            gc_mark_and_steal(ptls);
        }
        else {
            gc_mark_loop(ptls, 1);
        }
        gc_mark_loop_barrier();
        gc_mark_clean_reclaim_sets();

        // 3. check for objects to finalize
        clear_weak_refs();
        // Record the length of the marked list since we need to
        // mark the object moved to the marked list from the
        // `finalizer_list` by `sweep_finalizer_list`
        size_t orig_marked_len = finalizer_list_marked.len;
        assert(gc_n_threads != 0);
        for (int i = 0; i < gc_n_threads; i++) {
            jl_ptls_t ptls2 = gc_all_tls_states[i];
            if (ptls2 != NULL)
                sweep_finalizer_list(&ptls2->finalizers);
        }
        if (prev_sweep_full) {
            sweep_finalizer_list(&finalizer_list_marked);
            orig_marked_len = 0;
        }
        assert(gc_n_threads != 0);
        for (int i = 0; i < gc_n_threads; i++) {
            jl_ptls_t ptls2 = gc_all_tls_states[i];
            if (ptls2 != NULL)
                gc_mark_finlist(mq, &ptls2->finalizers, 0);
        }
        gc_mark_finlist(mq, &finalizer_list_marked, orig_marked_len);
        // "Flush" the mark stack before flipping the reset_age bit
        // so that the objects are not incorrectly reset.
        gc_mark_and_steal(ptls);
        // Conservative marking relies on age to tell allocated objects
        // and freelist entries apart.
        mark_reset_age = !jl_gc_conservative_gc_support_enabled();
        // Reset the age and old bit for any unmarked objects referenced by the
        // `to_finalize` list. These objects are only reachable from this list
        // and should not be referenced by any old objects so this won't break
        // the GC invariant.
        gc_mark_finlist(mq, &to_finalize, 0);
        gc_mark_and_steal(ptls);
        mark_reset_age = 0;
    }

    JL_PROBE_GC_MARK_END(scanned_bytes, perm_scanned_bytes);
    gc_settime_premark_end();
    gc_time_mark_pause(gc_start_time, scanned_bytes, perm_scanned_bytes);
    uint64_t end_mark_time = jl_hrtime();
    uint64_t mark_time = end_mark_time - start_mark_time;
    gc_num.mark_time = mark_time;
    gc_num.total_mark_time += mark_time;
    gc_settime_postmark_end();
    // marking is over

    // Flush everything in mark cache
    gc_sync_all_caches(ptls);


    gc_verify(ptls);
    gc_stats_all_pool();
    gc_stats_big_obj();
    gc_num.total_allocd += gc_num.allocd;
    // promoted_bytes are all the new bytes scanned that got promoted to old but that have never seen a full GC as old
    promoted_bytes += scanned_bytes;
    scanned_bytes = 0;
    // 4. next collection decision
    int remset_nptr = 0;
    int sweep_full = next_sweep_full;
    int recollect = 0;
    assert(gc_n_threads != 0);
    for (int i = 0; i < gc_n_threads; i++) {
        jl_ptls_t ptls2 = gc_all_tls_states[i];
        if (ptls2 != NULL)
            remset_nptr += ptls2->gc_tls.heap.remset_nptr;
    }
    (void)remset_nptr; //Use this information for something?


    // If the live data outgrows the suggested max_total_memory
    // we keep going with minimum intervals and full gcs until
    // we either free some space or get an OOM error.
    if (jl_options.gc_sweep_always_full) {
        sweep_full = 1;
        gc_record_full_sweep_reason(FULL_SWEEP_REASON_SWEEP_ALWAYS_FULL);
    }
    if (collection == JL_GC_FULL && !prev_sweep_full) {
        sweep_full = 1;
        recollect = 1;
        gc_record_full_sweep_reason(FULL_SWEEP_REASON_FORCED_FULL_SWEEP);
    }
    if (gc_disable_auto_full_sweep && collection != JL_GC_FULL) {
        sweep_full = 0;
    }
    // 5. start sweeping
    uint64_t start_sweep_time = jl_hrtime();
    JL_PROBE_GC_SWEEP_BEGIN(sweep_full);
    {
        JL_TIMING_CREATE_BLOCK(incremental_timing_block,
                               GC, GC_IncrementalSweep);
        JL_TIMING_CREATE_BLOCK(full_timing_block,
                               GC, GC_FullSweep);
        jl_timing_block_start(sweep_full ? &full_timing_block : &incremental_timing_block);
#ifdef USE_TRACY
        TracyCZoneColor(full_timing_block.tracy_ctx, 0xFFA500);
#endif
        current_sweep_full = sweep_full;
        sweep_weak_refs();
        uint64_t stack_pool_time = jl_hrtime();
        jl_gc_sweep_stack_pools_and_mtarraylist_buffers(ptls);
        stack_pool_time = jl_hrtime() - stack_pool_time;
        gc_num.total_stack_pool_sweep_time += stack_pool_time;
        gc_num.stack_pool_sweep_time = stack_pool_time;
        gc_sweep_other(ptls, sweep_full);
        gc_scrub();
        gc_verify_tags();
        gc_sweep_pool();
    }

    JL_PROBE_GC_SWEEP_END();

    gc_end_time = jl_hrtime();
    uint64_t pause = gc_end_time - gc_start_time;
    uint64_t sweep_time = gc_end_time - start_sweep_time;
    gc_num.total_sweep_time += sweep_time;
    gc_num.sweep_time = sweep_time;
    if (sweep_full) {
        gc_num.last_full_sweep = gc_end_time;
    }
    else {
        gc_num.last_incremental_sweep = gc_end_time;
    }

    size_t heap_size = jl_atomic_load_relaxed(&gc_heap_stats.heap_size) - freed_in_runtime;
    jl_atomic_store_relaxed(&gc_heap_stats.heap_size, heap_size);
    freed_in_runtime = 0;
    uint64_t user_max = max_total_memory * 0.8;
    uint64_t alloc_diff = before_free_heap_size - old_heap_size;
    uint64_t freed_diff = before_free_heap_size - heap_size;
    uint64_t target_heap;
    const char *reason = ""; (void)reason; // for GC_TIME output stats
    old_heap_size = heap_size; // TODO: Update these values dynamically instead of just during the GC
    if (collection == JL_GC_AUTO && jl_options.hard_heap_limit == 0) {
        // update any heuristics only when the user does not force the GC
        // but still update the timings, since GC was run and reset, even if it was too early
        uint64_t target_allocs = 0.0;
        double alloc_smooth_factor = 0.95;
        double collect_smooth_factor = 0.5;
        double tuning_factor = 2e4;
        uint64_t alloc_mem = jl_gc_smooth(old_alloc_diff, alloc_diff, alloc_smooth_factor);
        uint64_t alloc_time = jl_gc_smooth(old_mut_time, mutator_time, alloc_smooth_factor); // TODO: subtract estimated finalizer time?
        uint64_t gc_mem = jl_gc_smooth(old_freed_diff, freed_diff, collect_smooth_factor);
        uint64_t gc_time = jl_gc_smooth(old_pause_time, pause - sweep_time, collect_smooth_factor);
        old_alloc_diff = alloc_mem;
        old_mut_time = alloc_time;
        old_freed_diff = gc_mem;
        old_pause_time = gc_time;
        // thrashing estimator: if GC time more than 50% of the runtime
        if (pause > mutator_time && thrash_counter <= 4)
            thrash_counter += 1;
        else if (thrash_counter > 0)
            thrash_counter -= 1;
        if (alloc_mem != 0 && alloc_time != 0 && gc_mem != 0 && gc_time != 0) {
            double alloc_rate = (double)alloc_mem/alloc_time;
            double gc_rate = (double)gc_mem/gc_time;
            target_allocs = sqrt((double)heap_size * alloc_rate / gc_rate) * tuning_factor;
        }

        if (thrashing == 0 && thrash_counter >= 3) {
            // require 3 consecutive thrashing cycles to force the default allocator rate
            thrashing = 1;
            // and require 4 default allocations to clear
            thrash_counter = 6;
        }
        else if (thrashing == 1 && thrash_counter <= 2) {
            thrashing = 0; // maybe we should report this to the user or error out?
        }

        target_heap = target_allocs + heap_size;
        // optionally smooth this:
        //   target_heap = jl_gc_smooth(jl_atomic_load_relaxed(&gc_heap_stats.heap_target), target_heap, alloc_smooth_factor);

        // compute some guardrails values
        uint64_t min_target_allocs = heap_size / 20; // minimum 5% of current heap
        if (min_target_allocs < default_collect_interval / 8) // unless the heap is small
            min_target_allocs = default_collect_interval / 8;
        uint64_t max_target_allocs = overallocation(before_free_heap_size, heap_size, user_max);
        if (max_target_allocs < min_target_allocs)
            max_target_allocs = min_target_allocs;
        // respect max_total_memory first
        if (target_heap > user_max) {
            target_allocs = heap_size < user_max ? user_max - heap_size : 1;
            reason = " user limit";
        }
        // If we are thrashing use a default only (an average) for a couple collections
        if (thrashing) {
            uint64_t thrashing_allocs = sqrt((double)min_target_allocs * max_target_allocs);
            if (target_allocs < thrashing_allocs) {
                target_allocs = thrashing_allocs;
                reason = " thrashing";
            }
        }
        // then add the guardrails for transient issues
        if (target_allocs > max_target_allocs) {
            target_allocs = max_target_allocs;
            reason = " rate limit max";
        }
        else if (target_allocs < min_target_allocs) {
            target_allocs = min_target_allocs;
            reason = " min limit";
        }
        // and set the heap detection threshold
        target_heap = target_allocs + heap_size;
        if (target_heap < default_collect_interval) {
            target_heap = default_collect_interval;
            reason = " min heap";
        }
        jl_atomic_store_relaxed(&gc_heap_stats.heap_target, target_heap);
    }
    else {
        target_heap = jl_atomic_load_relaxed(&gc_heap_stats.heap_target);
    }

    // Kill the process if we are above the hard heap limit
    if (jl_options.hard_heap_limit != 0) {
        if (heap_size > jl_options.hard_heap_limit) {
            // Can't use `jl_errorf` here, because it will try to allocate memory
            // and we are already at the hard limit.
            jl_safe_printf("Heap size exceeded hard limit of %" PRIu64 " bytes.\n",
                           jl_options.hard_heap_limit);
            abort();
        }
    }
    // Ignore heap limit computation from MemBalancer-like heuristics
    // if the heap target increment goes above the value specified through
    // `--heap-target-increment`.
    // Note that if we reach this code, we can guarantee that the heap size
    // is less than the hard limit, so there will be some room to grow the heap
    // until the next GC without hitting the hard limit.
    if (jl_options.heap_target_increment != 0) {
        target_heap = heap_size + jl_options.heap_target_increment;
        jl_atomic_store_relaxed(&gc_heap_stats.heap_target, target_heap);
    }
    if (sweep_full) {
        // these are the difference between the number of gc-perm bytes scanned
        // on the first collection after sweep_full, and the current scan
        perm_scanned_bytes = 0;
        promoted_bytes = 0;
        heap_size_after_last_full_gc = jl_atomic_load_relaxed(&gc_heap_stats.heap_size);
    }
    // We want to trigger full GCs either if the heap size has grown a lot since the last full GC.
    // For this we use the overallocation function to see what a reasonable rate of growth is,
    // or if there is too much memory that has not seen a full GC after being promoted to old.
    double old_ratio = (double)promoted_bytes/(double)heap_size;
    double expected_heap_size = overallocation(heap_size_after_last_full_gc, 0, UINT64_MAX) + heap_size_after_last_full_gc;
    double last_full_gc_heap_ratio = (double)heap_size/expected_heap_size;
    if (heap_size > user_max) {
        next_sweep_full = 1;
        gc_record_full_sweep_reason(FULL_SWEEP_REASON_USER_MAX_EXCEEDED);
    }
    else if (old_ratio > 0.15) {
        next_sweep_full = 1;
        gc_record_full_sweep_reason(FULL_SWEEP_REASON_LARGE_PROMOTION_RATE);
    }
    else if (last_full_gc_heap_ratio > 1) {
        next_sweep_full = 1;
        gc_record_full_sweep_reason(FULL_SWEEP_REASON_LARGE_HEAP_GROWTH);
    }
    else {
        next_sweep_full = 0;
    }
    if (heap_size > user_max || thrashing)
        under_pressure = 1;
    // sweeping is over
    // 6. if it is a quick sweep, put back the remembered objects in queued state
    // so that we don't trigger the barrier again on them.
    assert(gc_n_threads != 0);
    for (int t_i = 0; t_i < gc_n_threads; t_i++) {
        jl_ptls_t ptls2 = gc_all_tls_states[t_i];
        if (ptls2 == NULL)
            continue;
        if (!sweep_full) {
            for (int i = 0; i < ptls2->gc_tls.heap.remset.len; i++) {
                void *ptr = ptls2->gc_tls.heap.remset.items[i];
                jl_astaggedvalue(ptr)->bits.gc = GC_MARKED;
            }
        }
        else {
            ptls2->gc_tls.heap.remset.len = 0;
        }
        // free empty GC state for threads that have exited
        if (jl_atomic_load_relaxed(&ptls2->current_task) == NULL) {
            // GC threads should never exit
            assert(!gc_is_collector_thread(t_i));
            jl_thread_heap_common_t *common_heap = &ptls2->gc_tls_common.heap;
            jl_thread_heap_t *heap = &ptls2->gc_tls.heap;
            if (common_heap->weak_refs.len == 0)
                small_arraylist_free(&common_heap->weak_refs);
            if (common_heap->live_tasks.len == 0)
                small_arraylist_free(&common_heap->live_tasks);
            if (heap->remset.len == 0)
                arraylist_free(&heap->remset);
            if (ptls2->finalizers.len == 0)
                arraylist_free(&ptls2->finalizers);
            if (ptls2->gc_tls.sweep_objs.len == 0)
                arraylist_free(&ptls2->gc_tls.sweep_objs);
        }
    }

#ifdef __GLIBC__
    if (sweep_full) {
        // issue #30653
        // empirically, the malloc runaway seemed to occur within a growth gap
        // of about 20-25%
        if (jl_maxrss() > (last_trim_maxrss/4)*5) {
            malloc_trim(0);
            last_trim_maxrss = jl_maxrss();
        }
    }
#endif

    _report_gc_finished(pause, gc_num.freed, sweep_full, recollect, live_bytes);
    uint64_t max_memory = last_live_bytes + gc_num.allocd;
    if (max_memory > gc_num.max_memory) {
        gc_num.max_memory = max_memory;
    }
    gc_final_pause_end(gc_start_time, gc_end_time);
    gc_time_sweep_pause(gc_end_time, gc_num.allocd, live_bytes,
                        gc_num.freed, sweep_full);
    gc_num.full_sweep += sweep_full;
    last_live_bytes = live_bytes;
    live_bytes += -gc_num.freed + gc_num.allocd;
    jl_timing_counter_dec(JL_TIMING_COUNTER_HeapSize, gc_num.freed);

    gc_time_summary(sweep_full, gc_start_time, gc_end_time, gc_num.freed,
                    live_bytes, gc_num.interval, pause,
                    gc_num.time_to_safepoint,
                    gc_num.mark_time, gc_num.sweep_time);
    if (collection == JL_GC_AUTO) {
        gc_heuristics_summary(
            old_alloc_diff, alloc_diff,
            old_mut_time, mutator_time,
            old_freed_diff, freed_diff,
            old_pause_time, pause - sweep_time,
            thrash_counter, reason,
            heap_size, target_heap);
    }

    prev_sweep_full = sweep_full;
    gc_num.pause += !recollect;
    gc_num.total_time += pause;
    gc_num.allocd = 0;
    gc_num.freed = 0;
    if (pause > gc_num.max_pause) {
        gc_num.max_pause = pause;
    }
    reset_thread_gc_counts();

    return recollect;
}

JL_DLLEXPORT void jl_gc_collect(jl_gc_collection_t collection)
{
    JL_PROBE_GC_BEGIN(collection);

    jl_task_t *ct = jl_current_task;
    jl_ptls_t ptls = ct->ptls;
    if (jl_atomic_load_acquire(&jl_gc_disable_counter)) {
        size_t localbytes = jl_atomic_load_relaxed(&ptls->gc_tls_common.gc_num.allocd) + gc_num.interval;
        jl_atomic_store_relaxed(&ptls->gc_tls_common.gc_num.allocd, -(int64_t)gc_num.interval);
        static_assert(sizeof(_Atomic(uint64_t)) == sizeof(gc_num.deferred_alloc), "");
        jl_atomic_fetch_add_relaxed((_Atomic(uint64_t)*)&gc_num.deferred_alloc, localbytes);
        return;
    }
    jl_gc_debug_print();

    int8_t old_state = jl_atomic_load_relaxed(&ptls->gc_state);
    jl_atomic_store_release(&ptls->gc_state, JL_GC_STATE_WAITING);
    // `jl_safepoint_start_gc()` makes sure only one thread can run the GC.
    uint64_t t0 = jl_hrtime();
    if (!jl_safepoint_start_gc(ct)) {
        // either another thread is running GC, or the GC got disabled just now.
        jl_gc_state_set(ptls, old_state, JL_GC_STATE_WAITING);
        jl_safepoint_wait_thread_resume(ct); // block in thread-suspend now if requested, after clearing the gc_state
        return;
    }

    JL_TIMING_SUSPEND_TASK(GC, ct);
    JL_TIMING(GC, GC);

    int last_errno = errno;
#ifdef _OS_WINDOWS_
    DWORD last_error = GetLastError();
#endif
    // Now we are ready to wait for other threads to hit the safepoint,
    // we can do a few things that doesn't require synchronization.
    //
    // We must sync here with the tls_lock operations, so that we have a
    // seq-cst order between these events now we know that either the new
    // thread must run into our safepoint flag or we must observe the
    // existence of the thread in the jl_n_threads count.
    //
    // TODO: concurrently queue objects
    jl_fence();
    gc_n_threads = jl_atomic_load_acquire(&jl_n_threads);
    gc_all_tls_states = jl_atomic_load_relaxed(&jl_all_tls_states);
    jl_gc_wait_for_the_world(gc_all_tls_states, gc_n_threads);
    JL_PROBE_GC_STOP_THE_WORLD();

    uint64_t t1 = jl_hrtime();
    uint64_t duration = t1 - t0;
    if (duration > gc_num.max_time_to_safepoint)
        gc_num.max_time_to_safepoint = duration;
    gc_num.time_to_safepoint = duration;
    gc_num.total_time_to_safepoint += duration;

    gc_invoke_callbacks(jl_gc_cb_pre_gc_t,
        gc_cblist_pre_gc, (collection));

    if (!jl_atomic_load_acquire(&jl_gc_disable_counter)) {
        JL_LOCK_NOGC(&finalizers_lock); // all the other threads are stopped, so this does not make sense, right? otherwise, failing that, this seems like plausibly a deadlock
#ifndef __clang_gcanalyzer__
        if (_jl_gc_collect(ptls, collection)) {
            // recollect
            int ret = _jl_gc_collect(ptls, JL_GC_AUTO);
            (void)ret;
            assert(!ret);
        }
#endif
        JL_UNLOCK_NOGC(&finalizers_lock);
    }

    gc_n_threads = 0;
    gc_all_tls_states = NULL;
    jl_safepoint_end_gc();
    jl_gc_state_set(ptls, old_state, JL_GC_STATE_WAITING);
    JL_PROBE_GC_END();
    jl_safepoint_wait_thread_resume(ct); // block in thread-suspend now if requested, after clearing the gc_state

    // Only disable finalizers on current thread
    // Doing this on all threads is racy (it's impossible to check
    // or wait for finalizers on other threads without dead lock).
    if (!ptls->finalizers_inhibited && ptls->locks.len == 0 && ptls->engine_nqueued == 0) {
        JL_TIMING(GC, GC_Finalizers);
        run_finalizers(ct, 0);
    }
    JL_PROBE_GC_FINALIZER();

    gc_invoke_callbacks(jl_gc_cb_post_gc_t,
        gc_cblist_post_gc, (collection));
    if (under_pressure)
        gc_invoke_callbacks(jl_gc_cb_notify_gc_pressure_t,
            gc_cblist_notify_gc_pressure, ());
    under_pressure = 0;
#ifdef _OS_WINDOWS_
    SetLastError(last_error);
#endif
    errno = last_errno;
}

void gc_mark_queue_all_roots(jl_ptls_t ptls, jl_gc_markqueue_t *mq)
{
    assert(gc_n_threads != 0);
    for (size_t i = 0; i < gc_n_threads; i++) {
        jl_ptls_t ptls2 = gc_all_tls_states[i];
        if (ptls2 != NULL)
            gc_queue_thread_local(mq, ptls2);
    }
    gc_mark_roots(mq);
}

// Per-thread initialization
void jl_init_thread_heap(jl_ptls_t ptls)
{
    jl_thread_heap_common_t *common_heap = &ptls->gc_tls_common.heap;
    jl_thread_heap_t *heap = &ptls->gc_tls.heap;
    jl_gc_pool_t *p = heap->norm_pools;
    for (int i = 0; i < JL_GC_N_POOLS; i++) {
        p[i].osize = jl_gc_sizeclasses[i];
        p[i].freelist = NULL;
        p[i].newpages = NULL;
    }
    small_arraylist_new(&common_heap->weak_refs, 0);
    small_arraylist_new(&common_heap->live_tasks, 0);
    for (int i = 0; i < JL_N_STACK_POOLS; i++)
        small_arraylist_new(&common_heap->free_stacks[i], 0);
    small_arraylist_new(&common_heap->mallocarrays, 0);
    heap->young_generation_of_bigvals = (bigval_t*)calloc_s(sizeof(bigval_t)); // sentinel
    assert(gc_bigval_sentinel_tag != 0); // make sure the sentinel is initialized
    heap->young_generation_of_bigvals->header = gc_bigval_sentinel_tag;
    arraylist_new(&heap->remset, 0);
    arraylist_new(&ptls->finalizers, 0);
    arraylist_new(&ptls->gc_tls.sweep_objs, 0);

    jl_gc_mark_cache_t *gc_cache = &ptls->gc_tls.gc_cache;
    gc_cache->perm_scanned_bytes = 0;
    gc_cache->scanned_bytes = 0;

    // Initialize GC mark-queue
    jl_gc_markqueue_t *mq = &ptls->gc_tls.mark_queue;
    ws_queue_t *cq = &mq->chunk_queue;
    ws_array_t *wsa = create_ws_array(GC_CHUNK_QUEUE_INIT_SIZE, sizeof(jl_gc_chunk_t));
    jl_atomic_store_relaxed(&cq->top, 0);
    jl_atomic_store_relaxed(&cq->bottom, 0);
    jl_atomic_store_relaxed(&cq->array, wsa);
    ws_queue_t *q = &mq->ptr_queue;
    ws_array_t *wsa2 = create_ws_array(GC_PTR_QUEUE_INIT_SIZE, sizeof(jl_value_t *));
    jl_atomic_store_relaxed(&q->top, 0);
    jl_atomic_store_relaxed(&q->bottom, 0);
    jl_atomic_store_relaxed(&q->array, wsa2);
    arraylist_new(&mq->reclaim_set, 32);
    // Initialize `lazily_freed_mtarraylist_buffers`
    small_arraylist_new(&ptls->lazily_freed_mtarraylist_buffers, 0);

    memset(&ptls->gc_tls_common.gc_num, 0, sizeof(ptls->gc_tls_common.gc_num));
    jl_atomic_store_relaxed(&ptls->gc_tls_common.gc_num.allocd, -(int64_t)gc_num.interval);
}

void jl_free_thread_gc_state(jl_ptls_t ptls)
{
    jl_gc_markqueue_t *mq = &ptls->gc_tls.mark_queue;
    ws_queue_t *cq = &mq->chunk_queue;
    free_ws_array(jl_atomic_load_relaxed(&cq->array));
    jl_atomic_store_relaxed(&cq->array, NULL);
    ws_queue_t *q = &mq->ptr_queue;
    free_ws_array(jl_atomic_load_relaxed(&q->array));
    jl_atomic_store_relaxed(&q->array, NULL);
    arraylist_free(&mq->reclaim_set);
}

extern uv_barrier_t thread_init_done;
void jl_start_gc_threads(void)
{
    int nthreads = jl_atomic_load_relaxed(&jl_n_threads);
    int ngcthreads = jl_n_gcthreads;
    int nmutator_threads = nthreads - ngcthreads;
    uv_thread_t uvtid;
    for (int i = nmutator_threads; i < nthreads; ++i) {
        jl_threadarg_t *t = (jl_threadarg_t *)malloc_s(sizeof(jl_threadarg_t)); // ownership will be passed to the thread
        t->tid = i;
        t->barrier = &thread_init_done;
        if (i == nthreads - 1 && jl_n_sweepthreads == 1) {
            uv_thread_create(&uvtid, jl_concurrent_gc_threadfun, t);
        }
        else {
            uv_thread_create(&uvtid, jl_parallel_gc_threadfun, t);
        }
    }
}

STATIC_INLINE int may_mark(void) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    return (jl_atomic_load(&gc_n_threads_marking) > 0);
}

STATIC_INLINE int may_sweep(jl_ptls_t ptls) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    return (jl_atomic_load(&ptls->gc_tls.gc_sweeps_requested) > 0);
}

STATIC_INLINE int may_sweep_stack(jl_ptls_t ptls) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    return (jl_atomic_load(&ptls->gc_tls.gc_stack_sweep_requested) > 0);
}

extern _Atomic(int) n_threads_running;
// parallel gc thread function
void jl_parallel_gc_threadfun(void *arg)
{
    jl_threadarg_t *targ = (jl_threadarg_t*)arg;

    // initialize this thread (set tid and create heap)
    jl_ptls_t ptls = jl_init_threadtls(targ->tid);
    void *stack_lo, *stack_hi;
    jl_init_stack_limits(0, &stack_lo, &stack_hi);
    // warning: this changes `jl_current_task`, so be careful not to call that from this function
    jl_task_t *ct = jl_init_root_task(ptls, stack_lo, stack_hi);
    JL_GC_PROMISE_ROOTED(ct);
    (void)jl_atomic_fetch_add_relaxed(&n_threads_running, -1);
    // wait for all threads
    jl_gc_state_set(ptls, JL_GC_PARALLEL_COLLECTOR_THREAD, JL_GC_STATE_UNSAFE);
    uv_barrier_wait(targ->barrier);

    // free the thread argument here
    free(targ);

    while (1) {
        uv_mutex_lock(&gc_threads_lock);
        while (!may_mark() && !may_sweep(ptls) && !may_sweep_stack(ptls)) {
            uv_cond_wait(&gc_threads_cond, &gc_threads_lock);
        }
        uv_mutex_unlock(&gc_threads_lock);
        assert(jl_atomic_load_relaxed(&ptls->gc_state) == JL_GC_PARALLEL_COLLECTOR_THREAD);
        gc_mark_loop(ptls, 0);
        if (may_sweep_stack(ptls)) {
            assert(jl_atomic_load_relaxed(&ptls->gc_state) == JL_GC_PARALLEL_COLLECTOR_THREAD);
            sweep_stack_pool_loop();
            jl_atomic_fetch_add(&ptls->gc_tls.gc_stack_sweep_requested, -1);
        }
        if (may_sweep(ptls)) {
            assert(jl_atomic_load_relaxed(&ptls->gc_state) == JL_GC_PARALLEL_COLLECTOR_THREAD);
            gc_sweep_pool_parallel(ptls);
            jl_atomic_fetch_add(&ptls->gc_tls.gc_sweeps_requested, -1);
        }
    }
}

// concurrent gc thread function
void jl_concurrent_gc_threadfun(void *arg)
{
    jl_threadarg_t *targ = (jl_threadarg_t*)arg;

    // initialize this thread (set tid and create heap)
    jl_ptls_t ptls = jl_init_threadtls(targ->tid);
    void *stack_lo, *stack_hi;
    jl_init_stack_limits(0, &stack_lo, &stack_hi);
    // warning: this changes `jl_current_task`, so be careful not to call that from this function
    jl_task_t *ct = jl_init_root_task(ptls, stack_lo, stack_hi);
    JL_GC_PROMISE_ROOTED(ct);
    (void)jl_atomic_fetch_add_relaxed(&n_threads_running, -1);
    // wait for all threads
    jl_gc_state_set(ptls, JL_GC_CONCURRENT_COLLECTOR_THREAD, JL_GC_STATE_UNSAFE);
    uv_barrier_wait(targ->barrier);

    // free the thread argument here
    free(targ);

    while (1) {
        assert(jl_atomic_load_relaxed(&ptls->gc_state) == JL_GC_CONCURRENT_COLLECTOR_THREAD);
        uv_sem_wait(&gc_sweep_assists_needed);
        gc_free_pages();
    }
}

// System-wide initializations
void jl_gc_init(void)
{
    JL_MUTEX_INIT(&heapsnapshot_lock, "heapsnapshot_lock");
    JL_MUTEX_INIT(&finalizers_lock, "finalizers_lock");
    JL_MUTEX_INIT(&image_remset_lock, "image_remset_lock");
    arraylist_new(&image_remset, 0);
    uv_mutex_init(&page_profile_lock);
    uv_mutex_init(&gc_perm_lock);
    uv_mutex_init(&gc_pages_lock);
    uv_mutex_init(&gc_threads_lock);
    uv_cond_init(&gc_threads_cond);
    uv_sem_init(&gc_sweep_assists_needed, 0);
    uv_mutex_init(&gc_queue_observer_lock);
    void *_addr = (void*)calloc_s(1); // dummy allocation to get the sentinel tag
    uintptr_t addr = (uintptr_t)_addr;
    gc_bigval_sentinel_tag = addr;
    oldest_generation_of_bigvals = (bigval_t*)calloc_s(sizeof(bigval_t)); // sentinel
    oldest_generation_of_bigvals->header = gc_bigval_sentinel_tag;

    jl_gc_init_page();
    jl_gc_debug_init();

    arraylist_new(&finalizer_list_marked, 0);
    arraylist_new(&to_finalize, 0);
    jl_atomic_store_relaxed(&gc_heap_stats.heap_target, default_collect_interval);
    if (jl_options.hard_heap_limit != 0) {
        jl_atomic_store_relaxed(&gc_heap_stats.heap_target, jl_options.hard_heap_limit);
    }
    gc_num.interval = default_collect_interval;
    gc_num.allocd = 0;
    gc_num.max_pause = 0;
    gc_num.max_memory = 0;

    uint64_t mem_reserve = 250*1024*1024; // LLVM + other libraries need some amount of memory
    uint64_t min_heap_size_hint = mem_reserve + 1*1024*1024;
    uint64_t hint = jl_options.heap_size_hint;

    // check if heap size specified on command line
    if (jl_options.heap_size_hint == 0) {
        char *cp = getenv(HEAP_SIZE_HINT);
        if (cp)
            hint = parse_heap_size_option(cp, "JULIA_HEAP_SIZE_HINT=\"<size>[<unit>]\"", 1);
    }
#ifdef _P64
    size_t total_mem = uv_get_total_memory();
    if (hint == 0) {
        uint64_t constrained_mem = uv_get_constrained_memory();
        if (constrained_mem > 0 && constrained_mem < total_mem)
            hint = constrained_mem;
    }
#endif
    if (hint) {
        if (hint < min_heap_size_hint)
            hint = min_heap_size_hint;
        jl_gc_set_max_memory(hint - mem_reserve);
    }
}

JL_DLLEXPORT void jl_gc_set_max_memory(uint64_t max_mem)
{
#ifdef _P32
    max_mem = max_mem < max_mem_32bit_systems ? max_mem : max_mem_32bit_systems;
#endif
    max_total_memory = max_mem;
}

JL_DLLEXPORT uint64_t jl_gc_get_max_memory(void)
{
    return max_total_memory;
}

// allocation wrappers that add to gc pressure

JL_DLLEXPORT void *jl_gc_counted_malloc(size_t sz)
{
    void *data = malloc(sz);
    jl_task_t *ct = jl_get_current_task();
    if (data != NULL && ct != NULL) {
        sz = memory_block_usable_size(data, 0);
        jl_ptls_t ptls = ct->ptls;
        maybe_collect(ptls);
        jl_atomic_store_relaxed(&ptls->gc_tls_common.gc_num.allocd,
            jl_atomic_load_relaxed(&ptls->gc_tls_common.gc_num.allocd) + sz);
        jl_atomic_store_relaxed(&ptls->gc_tls_common.gc_num.malloc,
            jl_atomic_load_relaxed(&ptls->gc_tls_common.gc_num.malloc) + 1);
        jl_batch_accum_heap_size(ptls, sz);
    }
    return data;
}

JL_DLLEXPORT void *jl_gc_counted_calloc(size_t nm, size_t sz)
{
    void *data = calloc(nm, sz);
    jl_task_t *ct = jl_get_current_task();
    if (data != NULL && ct != NULL) {
        sz = memory_block_usable_size(data, 0);
        jl_ptls_t ptls = ct->ptls;
        maybe_collect(ptls);
        jl_atomic_store_relaxed(&ptls->gc_tls_common.gc_num.allocd,
            jl_atomic_load_relaxed(&ptls->gc_tls_common.gc_num.allocd) + sz);
        jl_atomic_store_relaxed(&ptls->gc_tls_common.gc_num.malloc,
            jl_atomic_load_relaxed(&ptls->gc_tls_common.gc_num.malloc) + 1);
        jl_batch_accum_heap_size(ptls, sz);
    }
    return data;
}

JL_DLLEXPORT void jl_gc_counted_free_with_size(void *p, size_t sz)
{
    free(p);
    jl_task_t *ct = jl_get_current_task();
    if (ct != NULL)
        jl_batch_accum_free_size(ct->ptls, sz);
}

JL_DLLEXPORT void *jl_gc_counted_realloc_with_old_size(void *p, size_t old, size_t sz)
{
    void *data = realloc(p, sz);
    jl_task_t *ct = jl_get_current_task();
    if (data != NULL && ct != NULL) {
        sz = memory_block_usable_size(data, 0);
        jl_ptls_t ptls = ct->ptls;
        maybe_collect(ptls);
        if (!(sz < old))
            jl_atomic_store_relaxed(&ptls->gc_tls_common.gc_num.allocd,
                jl_atomic_load_relaxed(&ptls->gc_tls_common.gc_num.allocd) + (sz - old));
        jl_atomic_store_relaxed(&ptls->gc_tls_common.gc_num.realloc,
            jl_atomic_load_relaxed(&ptls->gc_tls_common.gc_num.realloc) + 1);
        int64_t diff = sz - old;
        if (diff < 0) {
            jl_batch_accum_free_size(ptls, -diff);
        }
        else {
            jl_batch_accum_heap_size(ptls, diff);
        }
    }
    return data;
}

// allocating blocks for Arrays and Strings

JL_DLLEXPORT void *jl_gc_managed_malloc(size_t sz)
{
    jl_ptls_t ptls = jl_current_task->ptls;
    maybe_collect(ptls);
    size_t allocsz = LLT_ALIGN(sz, JL_CACHE_BYTE_ALIGNMENT);
    if (allocsz < sz)  // overflow in adding offs, size was "negative"
        jl_throw(jl_memory_exception);

    int last_errno = errno;
#ifdef _OS_WINDOWS_
    DWORD last_error = GetLastError();
#endif
    #ifdef MADV_HUGEPAGE
        void *b = NULL;
        if (allocsz >= 1u<<18u) {
            b = malloc_page_align(allocsz);
            if (jl_hugepage_size > 0) {
                size_t leftover = jl_hugepage_size - (allocsz % jl_hugepage_size);
                if ((leftover <= allocsz / 4) || (leftover == jl_hugepage_size))  // limit fragmentation
                    madvise(b, allocsz, MADV_HUGEPAGE);
            }
        }
        else {
            b = malloc_cache_align(allocsz);
        }
    #else
        void *b = malloc_cache_align(allocsz);
    #endif
    if (b == NULL)
        jl_throw(jl_memory_exception);

    size_t allocated_bytes = memory_block_usable_size(b, 1);
    assert(allocated_bytes >= allocsz);
    jl_atomic_store_relaxed(&ptls->gc_tls_common.gc_num.allocd,
        jl_atomic_load_relaxed(&ptls->gc_tls_common.gc_num.allocd) + allocated_bytes);
    jl_atomic_store_relaxed(&ptls->gc_tls_common.gc_num.malloc,
        jl_atomic_load_relaxed(&ptls->gc_tls_common.gc_num.malloc) + 1);
    jl_batch_accum_heap_size(ptls, allocated_bytes);
#ifdef _OS_WINDOWS_
    SetLastError(last_error);
#endif
    errno = last_errno;
    // jl_gc_managed_malloc is currently always used for allocating array buffers.
    maybe_record_alloc_to_profile((jl_value_t*)b, sz, (jl_datatype_t*)jl_buff_tag);
    return b;
}

// Perm gen allocator
// 2M pool
#define GC_PERM_POOL_SIZE (2 * 1024 * 1024)
// 20k limit for pool allocation. At most 1% fragmentation
#define GC_PERM_POOL_LIMIT (20 * 1024)
uv_mutex_t gc_perm_lock;
static uintptr_t gc_perm_pool = 0;
static uintptr_t gc_perm_end = 0;

static void *gc_perm_alloc_large(size_t sz, int zero, unsigned align, unsigned offset) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    // `align` must be power of two
    assert(offset == 0 || offset < align);
    const size_t malloc_align = sizeof(void*) == 8 ? 16 : 4;
    if (align > 1 && (offset != 0 || align > malloc_align))
        sz += align - 1;
    int last_errno = errno;
#ifdef _OS_WINDOWS_
    DWORD last_error = GetLastError();
#endif
    void *base = zero ? calloc(1, sz) : malloc(sz);
    if (base == NULL)
        jl_throw(jl_memory_exception);
#ifdef _OS_WINDOWS_
    SetLastError(last_error);
#endif
    jl_atomic_fetch_add_relaxed(&gc_heap_stats.heap_size,sz);
    errno = last_errno;
    jl_may_leak(base);
    assert(align > 0);
    return (void*)(LLT_ALIGN((uintptr_t)base + offset, (uintptr_t)align) - offset);
}

STATIC_INLINE void *gc_try_perm_alloc_pool(size_t sz, unsigned align, unsigned offset) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    uintptr_t pool = LLT_ALIGN(gc_perm_pool + offset, (uintptr_t)align) - offset;
    uintptr_t end = pool + sz;
    if (end > gc_perm_end)
        return NULL;
    gc_perm_pool = end;
    return (void*)jl_assume(pool);
}

// **NOT** a safepoint
void *jl_gc_perm_alloc_nolock(size_t sz, int zero, unsigned align, unsigned offset) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    // The caller should have acquired `gc_perm_lock`
    assert(align < GC_PERM_POOL_LIMIT);
#ifndef MEMDEBUG
    if (__unlikely(sz > GC_PERM_POOL_LIMIT))
#endif
        return gc_perm_alloc_large(sz, zero, align, offset);
    void *ptr = gc_try_perm_alloc_pool(sz, align, offset);
    if (__likely(ptr))
        return ptr;
    int last_errno = errno;
#ifdef _OS_WINDOWS_
    DWORD last_error = GetLastError();
    void *pool = VirtualAlloc(NULL, GC_PERM_POOL_SIZE, MEM_COMMIT, PAGE_READWRITE);
    SetLastError(last_error);
    errno = last_errno;
    if (__unlikely(pool == NULL))
        return NULL;
#else
    void *pool = mmap(0, GC_PERM_POOL_SIZE, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE,
                      MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0);
    errno = last_errno;
    if (__unlikely(pool == MAP_FAILED))
        return NULL;
#endif
    gc_perm_pool = (uintptr_t)pool;
    gc_perm_end = gc_perm_pool + GC_PERM_POOL_SIZE;
    return gc_try_perm_alloc_pool(sz, align, offset);
}

// **NOT** a safepoint
void *jl_gc_perm_alloc(size_t sz, int zero, unsigned align, unsigned offset)
{
    assert(align < GC_PERM_POOL_LIMIT);
#ifndef MEMDEBUG
    if (__unlikely(sz > GC_PERM_POOL_LIMIT))
#endif
        return gc_perm_alloc_large(sz, zero, align, offset);
    uv_mutex_lock(&gc_perm_lock);
    void *p = jl_gc_perm_alloc_nolock(sz, zero, align, offset);
    uv_mutex_unlock(&gc_perm_lock);
    return p;
}

jl_value_t *jl_gc_permobj(jl_ptls_t _ptls, size_t sz, void *ty, unsigned align) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    const size_t allocsz = sz + sizeof(jl_taggedvalue_t);
    if (align == 0) {
        align = ((sz == 0) ? sizeof(void*) : (allocsz <= sizeof(void*) * 2 ?
                                                 sizeof(void*) * 2 : 16));
    }
    jl_taggedvalue_t *o = (jl_taggedvalue_t*)jl_gc_perm_alloc(allocsz, 0, align,
                                                              sizeof(void*) % align);
    jl_value_t* v = jl_valueof(o);
    jl_set_typeof(v, (void*)(((uintptr_t)(ty) | GC_OLD_MARKED)));
    return v;
}

JL_DLLEXPORT int jl_gc_enable_conservative_gc_support(void)
{
    if (jl_is_initialized()) {
        int result = jl_atomic_fetch_or(&support_conservative_marking, 1);
        if (!result) {
            // Do a full collection to ensure that age bits are updated
            // properly. We don't have to worry about race conditions
            // for this part, as allocation itself is unproblematic and
            // a collection will wait for safepoints.
            jl_gc_collect(JL_GC_FULL);
        }
        return result;
    } else {
        int result = jl_atomic_load(&support_conservative_marking);
        jl_atomic_store(&support_conservative_marking, 1);
        return result;
    }
}

JL_DLLEXPORT int jl_gc_conservative_gc_support_enabled(void) JL_NOTSAFEPOINT
{
    return jl_atomic_load(&support_conservative_marking);
}

JL_DLLEXPORT jl_value_t *jl_gc_internal_obj_base_ptr(void *p)
{
    p = (char *) p - 1;
    jl_gc_pagemeta_t *meta = page_metadata(p);
    if (meta != NULL) {
        char *page = gc_page_data(p);
        // offset within page.
        size_t off = (char *)p - page;
        if (off < GC_PAGE_OFFSET)
            return NULL;
        // offset within object
        size_t off2 = (off - GC_PAGE_OFFSET);
        size_t osize = meta->osize;
        if (osize == 0)
            return NULL;
        off2 %= osize;
        if (off - off2 + osize > GC_PAGE_SZ)
            return NULL;
        jl_taggedvalue_t *cell = (jl_taggedvalue_t *)((char *)p - off2);
        // We have to distinguish between three cases:
        // 1. We are on a page where every cell is allocated.
        // 2. We are on a page where objects are currently bump-allocated
        //    from the corresponding pool->newpages list.
        // 3. We are on a page with a freelist that is used for object
        //    allocation.
        if (meta->nfree == 0) {
            // case 1: full page; `cell` must be an object
            goto valid_object;
        }
        {
            jl_gc_pool_t *pool =
                gc_all_tls_states[meta->thread_n]->gc_tls.heap.norm_pools +
                meta->pool_n;
            if (meta->fl_begin_offset == UINT16_MAX) {
                // case 2: this is a page on the newpages list
                jl_taggedvalue_t *newpages = pool->newpages;
                // Check if the page is being allocated from via newpages
                if (!newpages)
                    return NULL;
                char *data = gc_page_data(newpages);
                if (data != meta->data) {
                    // Pages on newpages form a linked list where only the
                    // first one is allocated from (see gc_reset_page()).
                    // All other pages are empty.
                    return NULL;
                }
                // This is the first page on the newpages list, where objects
                // are allocated from.
                if ((char *)cell >= (char *)newpages) // past allocation pointer
                    return NULL;
                goto valid_object;
            }
            // case 3: this is a page with a freelist
            // marked or old objects can't be on the freelist
            if (cell->bits.gc)
                goto valid_object;
            // When allocating from a freelist, three subcases are possible:
            // * The freelist of a page has been exhausted; this was handled
            //   under case 1, as nfree == 0.
            // * The freelist of the page has not been used, and the age bits
            //   reflect whether a cell is on the freelist or an object.
            // * The freelist is currently being allocated from. In this case,
            //   pool->freelist will point to the current page; any cell with
            //   a lower address will be an allocated object, and for cells
            //   with the same or a higher address, the corresponding age
            //   bit will reflect whether it's on the freelist.
            // Age bits are set in sweep_page() and are 0 for freelist
            // entries and 1 for live objects. The above subcases arise
            // because allocating a cell will not update the age bit, so we
            // need extra logic for pages that have been allocated from.
            // We now distinguish between the second and third subcase.
            // Freelist entries are consumed in ascending order. Anything
            // before the freelist pointer was either live during the last
            // sweep or has been allocated since.
            if (gc_page_data(cell) == gc_page_data(pool->freelist)
                && (char *)cell < (char *)pool->freelist)
                goto valid_object;
            // already skipped marked or old objects above, so here
            // the age bits are 0, thus the object is on the freelist
            return NULL;
        }
        // Not a freelist entry, therefore a valid object.
    valid_object:
        // We have to treat objects with type `jl_buff_tag` differently,
        // as they must not be passed to the usual marking functions.
        // Note that jl_buff_tag is real pointer into libjulia,
        // thus it cannot be a type reference.
        if ((cell->header & ~(uintptr_t) 3) == jl_buff_tag)
            return NULL;
        return jl_valueof(cell);
    }
    return NULL;
}

JL_DLLEXPORT size_t jl_gc_max_internal_obj_size(void)
{
    return GC_MAX_SZCLASS;
}

JL_DLLEXPORT void jl_gc_schedule_foreign_sweepfunc(jl_ptls_t ptls, jl_value_t *obj)
{
    arraylist_push(&ptls->gc_tls.sweep_objs, obj);
}

void jl_gc_notify_image_load(const char* img_data, size_t len)
{
    // Do nothing
}

void jl_gc_notify_image_alloc(const char* img_data, size_t len)
{
    // Do nothing
}

JL_DLLEXPORT const char* jl_gc_active_impl(void) {
    return "Built with stock GC";
}

JL_DLLEXPORT int jl_gc_enable_auto_full_collection(int on)
{
    int prev = !gc_disable_auto_full_sweep;
    gc_disable_auto_full_sweep = (on == 0);
    return prev;
}

JL_DLLEXPORT int jl_gc_auto_full_collection_is_enabled(void)
{
    return !gc_disable_auto_full_sweep;
}

#ifdef __cplusplus
}
#endif
